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11B 2024 - 4.2.1 Transport over Larger Distances - Human Body Systems > Human Body Systems > Flashcards

Human Body Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of respiration?

A

To release energy

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2
Q

What are the reactants of aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose and oxygen

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3
Q

What are the products of aerobic respiration?

A

Carbon dioxide and water

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4
Q

What are the reactants of anaerobic respiration?

A

Glucose

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5
Q

What are the products of anaerobic respiration?

A

Lactic acid

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6
Q

What is the effect of excess lactic acid?

A

Cramp/muscle fatigue

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7
Q

Where in the cell does anaerobic respiration occur?

A

Cytoplasm

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8
Q

Where in the cell does aerobic respiration occur?

A

Mitochondria

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9
Q

Which type of respiration is more efficient?

A

Aerobic

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10
Q

When are you more likely to carry out anaerobic respiration>

A

During exercise

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11
Q

What is an oxygen debt?

A

The amount of oxygen required after exercising to break down lactic acid

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12
Q

Where in the lungs does gas exchange occur?

A

Alveoli

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13
Q

How do gases move in and out of the blood?

A

Diffusion

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14
Q

Why do exchange surfaces have large surface areas?

A

To speed up absorption (by diffusion or active transport)

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15
Q

Why do exchange surfaces have thin walls?

A

To reduce the distance of the diffusion pathway

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16
Q

Why do exchange surface have a good blood supply?

A

To maintain high concentration gradients to speed up diffusion

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17
Q

What gives the small intestine a large surface area?

A

Villi

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18
Q

What is the function of the heart?

A

Pumps blood around the body

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19
Q

What are the top two chambers of the heart called?

A

Right and left atrium

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20
Q

What are the two bottom chambers of the heart called?

A

Right and left ventricle

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21
Q

What is the function of the arteries?

A

To carry blood away from the heart

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22
Q

What is the function of the veins?

A

To carry blood towards the heart

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23
Q

What is the function of the capillaries?

A

Gas exchange within muscles and organs

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24
Q

How are the arteries adapted to carry blood at high pressure?

A

Elastic walls which recoil and return to their original shape

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25
Q

How are the veins adapted to carry blood at low pressure?

A

Valves to prevent backflow of blood

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26
Q

What is the purpose of valves?

A

To prevent the backflow of blood

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27
Q

How are capillaries adapted for gas exchange?

A

Thin walls - one cell thick

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28
Q

What are the four components of blood?

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma

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29
Q

What are the three types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries, veins and capillaries

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30
Q

What is the function of the red blood cells?

A

Carry oxygen

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31
Q

What do red blood cells contain which binds to the oxygen?

A

Haemoglobin

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32
Q

What is the function of the white blood cells?

A

They are part of the immune system

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33
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

Help the blood to clot and form scabs

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34
Q

What is the function of plasma?

A

The liquid part of the blood which allows blood to flow

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35
Q

How are red blood cells different to any other animal cell?

A

They do not contain a nucleus

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36
Q

What is the function of the aorta?

A

Carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body

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37
Q

What is the function of the vena cava?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart

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38
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary artery?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

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39
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary vein?

A

Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

40
Q

Which side of the heart contains oxygenated blood?

A

Left

41
Q

Which side of the heart contains deoxygenated blood?

A

Right

42
Q

Why are the walls of the left ventricle thicker than the right?

A

The left ventricle pumps blood around the whole body so needs to build up higher pressure

43
Q

Name two substances carried by plasma (not blood cells or platelets)

A

Glucose, carbon dioxide, urea, salts, hormones, amino acids, fatty acids

44
Q

Name three parts of the body where digestion occurs

A

Mouth, stomach, small intestine

45
Q

Define digestion

A

Large, insoluble molecules are broken down into small, soluble molecules

46
Q

What biological catalysts speed up digestion?

A

Enzymes

47
Q

Name the enzyme which digests starch

A

Amylase

48
Q

Name the products of starch digestion

A

Simple sugars/ glucose

49
Q

What enzyme digests protein?

A

Protease or pepsin

50
Q

What are the products of protein digestion?

A

Amino acids

51
Q

Name the enzyme which digests lipids (fats)

A

Lipase

52
Q

Name the products of lipid digestion

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

53
Q

What enzyme does saliva contain?

A

Amylase

54
Q

Give two examples of mechanical digestion

A

Teeth/chewing and stomach churning

55
Q

Name the acid produced by the stomach

A

Hydrochloric

56
Q

State two reasons why the stomach produces acid

A
  1. To kill pathogens/bacteria on food and 2. To provide optimum conditions for pepsin to digest proteins
57
Q

What are the two functions of bile?

A

To neutralise stomach acid and to emulsify lipids

58
Q

Why do lipids need to be emulsified?

A

To increase their surface area and speed up digestion by lipase

59
Q

Where are nutrients absorbed into the blood?

A

Small intestine

60
Q

What organ produces the enzymes needed for digestion?

A

Pancreas

61
Q

Where is water absorbed into the blood?

A

Large intestine

62
Q

Where is bile stored before release?

A

Gall bladder

63
Q

State the reagent used to test for starch

A

Iodine

64
Q

State the reagent used to test for lipids

A

Ethanol

65
Q

State the reagent used to test for sugar

A

Benedict’s

66
Q

State the reagent used to test for protein

A

Biuret

67
Q

Describe the positive result for the test for starch

A

Brown –> Blue/black

68
Q

Describe the positive result for the test for lipids

A

Clear –> Cloudy

69
Q

Describe the positive result for the test for sugar

A

Blue –> Orange/red

70
Q

Describe the positive result for the test for protein

A

Pale blue –> Lilac

71
Q

What must be done when testing for sugar?

A

Heat sample and Benedict’s to at least 85 degrees

72
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

A change in the environment

73
Q

What is a receptor?

A

Something which detects a change

74
Q

Give an example of a receptor

A

Sense organs, e.g. eyes, ears

75
Q

What are the three types of neurone?

A

Sensory, motor, relay

76
Q

Which neurone carries impulses from the receptor to the CNS?

A

Sensory

77
Q

Which neurone carries impulses from the CNS to the effector?

A

Motor

78
Q

Which neurone carries impulses within the CNS?

A

Relay

79
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A gap between two neurones

80
Q

How are nerve impulses transmitted across a synapse?

A

Chemical neurotransmitters diffuse across

81
Q

What is an effector?

A

A muscle or gland which carries out a repsonse

82
Q

What are the two parts of the central nervous system (CNS)?

A

Brain and spinal cord

83
Q

What is a reflex action?

A

An involuntary, rapid response which does not pass through the brain

84
Q

What is the purpose of a reflex action?

A

To prevent/reduce harm

85
Q

Define what a gland is

A

An organ which produces hormones

86
Q

Define what a target organ is

A

An organ which a hormone acts on

87
Q

What is a hormone?

A

A chemical messenger carried in the blood

88
Q

Name the hormone produced by the adrenal glands

A

Adrenaline

89
Q

The “fight or flight” response ic caused by which hormone?

A

Adrenaline

90
Q

Name the hormone produced by the thyroid

A

Thyroxine

91
Q

Which hormone regulates your metabolism?

A

Thyroxine

92
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

The glands and hormones which regulate our internal environment

93
Q

What is an organ?

A

different tissues working together to perform a specific job

94
Q

What are the three different types of blood vessel?

A

arteries, veins and capillaries.

95
Q

What are the three main types of digestive enzymes?

A

protease, lipase and carbohydrase.

96
Q

What is the difference between receptors and effectors

A

Receptors are cells which detect stimuli, whereas effectors produce responses to stimuli.

97
Q

What are the chemical messengers produced by glands of the endocrine system ?

A

Hormones

11B 2024 - 4.2.1 Transport over Larger Distances - Human Body Systems (2 decks)

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