Human Body & Orientation Ch. 1 Flashcards
Anatomy v. Physiology
- anatomy the study of the body structure and its morphology
- anatomy the study of the structure of the human body
- includes morphology (which is the study of form)
-Physiology- the study of the body function
Atomic/molecular level
Cellular level
Tissue Level
- atoms from molecules
- cells and their functional subunits
- a group of cells performing a coordinated function
- Organ level
- Organ system
- Organism level
- Population level
- Ecosystem
- a discrete structure made up of more than one tissue type
- organs working together for a common purpose (i.e heart & blood vessels, uterus, & bladder)
- the result of all organ systems working in coordination
- interaction with other Homospaiens
- interaction with other species in our ecosystems
Axial v. Appendicular
Axial- the main axis of the body (basically the head and the body trunk)
Appendicular - the limbs (legs and arms)
Frontal (coronal) plane
-lies vertically and divides the body in the posterior and the anterior
(cutting the head through the ears way)
Median (midsagittal) plane
-specific sagittal plane that lies vertically in the midline
cutting head nose way
Transverse plane
-runs horizontally and divides body into superior and inferior parts
(cutting body waits way)
Dorsal body cavity
- cranial cavity
- vertebral cavity
Ventral body cavity
- thoracic cavity
- abdominal cavity
- pelvic cavity
Inner tube
-extends from mouth to anus and includes the pharnyx, respitory and digestive organs, the pharynx, respitory and digestive organs, the
Outer tube
-consists of axial skeleton and associated axial muscles that make up the outer body wall and nervous structures
Standard Anatomical Position
-person stands erect with feet together and eyes forward, palms face anteriorly with the thumbs pointed away from the body
Anterior thoracic (axial)
- axillary
- sternal
- mammary
Anterior cephalic (head) (axial)
- frontal
- orbital
- nasal
- oral
- mental
Anterior Abdominal (axial)
Umbilical
Anterior Pelvic (axial)
-inguinal (groin)
Anterior Pubic (axial)
-genital
Anterior Upper limbs (appendicular)
- acromial
- brachial (arm)
- antecubital
- antebrachial (forearm)
- carpal (wrist)
Anterior Manus (hand) (appendicular)
- Pollex
- palmar
- digital (figners)
Anterior Lower Limb (appendicular)
- coxal (hip)
- femoral (thigh)
- patellar (knee)
- fibular or peroneal
Anterior Pedal (foot) (appendicular)
- tarsal (ankel)
- Metatarsal
- digital
- hallux (big tow)
Posterior Upper limb (appendicular)
- acromial (sholder)
- brachial (arm)
- Olecranal (elbow)
- Antebrachial (forearm)
Posterior Manus (hand) (appendicular)
- Metacarpal
- Digital
Posterior Lower Limb (appendicular)
- Fermoral (thigh)
- Popliteal (back of knee)
- Sural (calf)
- Fibular or peroneal (under calf)
Posterior Pedal (foot) (appendicular)
- calcaneal (heel)
- plantar (bottoms of feet)
Posterior cephalic (axial)
- otic
- occipital (back of head)
- cervical
Posterior back (dorsal) (axial)
- scapular
- vertebral
- Lumbar
- sacral
- gluteal (butt)
- perineal (between anus and external genitalia)
Superior
Towards the head end or upper part of a structure or the body ; above
-exp: head it superior to the abdomen
Inferior
away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body below
-exp: the naval (the belly button)is inferior to the chin
anterior (ventral)
- towards or the front of the body; in front of
- exp: the breastbone is anterior to the spine
posterior (dorsal)
- towards or at the back of the body; behind
- exp: the heart is posterior to the breastbone
medial
- toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
- exp the heart is medial to the arm
lateral
- away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of
- the arms are lateral to the chest
proximal
- closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
- the elbow is proximal to the wrist
distal
father from the origin of the body part or point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
-the knee is distal to the thigh
superficial (external)
- towards or at the body surface
- the skin is superficial to the skeleton muscles
-deep (internal)
- away from the body surface; more internal
- the skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles
Ipsilateral
- on the same side
- the right hand and right foot are ipsilateral
contralateral
- on opposite sides
- the right hand and left foot are contralateral
