Human Body, Cell structure and Function Flashcards
Define Human Anatomy
Science of body structure’s and the relationship among them
Define Physiology
Science of body functions - how the body parts work
Define the levels of structure in the body, an example for each
Chemical level - Individual atoms, molecules eg Na+, C, H+
Cellular level - molecules combine to form cells, neurological cells, muscle cells
Tissue level - similarly grouped cells and materials Epithelial tissue, Connective tissue, Muscular tissue, Nervous tissue
Organ level - different tissue types (minimum 2) grouped together to create organs eg Stomach, brain
System level - related organs organised into a system eg cardiovascular system
Organismal level - living individual
State the different system levels in the human body and their basic function
Integumentary system - skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, oil glands. To protect body, regulate body temp, eliminate wastes, Vitamin D prod, detects pressure/touch, stores fat, insulates
Skeletal system - bones and joints and assoc cartilages. Supports and protects the body, muscle attachment points, helps body movements, houses cells that produce blood cells, stores minerals and lipids.
Muscular System - skeletal muscles. Body movements, creates heat, stabilises body and joints, stores and moves substances through body
Nervous sytem - brain, spinal cord, nerves, eyes and ears. Generates nerve impulses, detects change in in/external environments, responds by muscular contractions/glandular secretions
Endocrine system - hormone producing glands (pineal, hypothalamus, pituitary, thymus, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries/testes. releases hormones to target tissue or organ
Lymphatic system - lymphatic fluid, vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils, B cells, T cells. Protein and fluid back to blood, lipids from GI tract to blood, maturation and proliferation of B and T cells, protects against disease microbes.
Cardiovascular system - Blood, heart, blood vessels. Pump blood through body, O2 and nutrients to cells, CO2 and wastes away from cells, helps acid-base buffer system, defend against disease and vessel damage.
Respiratory System - lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, alveoli. Inhaled O2 loaded onto blood, CO2 exhaled, helps acid-base buffer, produces voice
Digestive system - mouth, teeth, tongue, salivary glands, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small/large intestines, live, gall bladder, anus. Physical and chemical breakdown of food into molecules for absorption, eliminates solid wastes
Urinary system - kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra. Produces, stores, eliminates urine, regulates volume and chemical composition of blood, maintain acid-base, mineral balance, helps produce RBC
Reproductive system - testes/ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, penis. Produces sperm/oocytes to procreate, release hormones for reproduction, milk production.
What are the basic life processes?
Metabolism - fuel for life
Responsiveness - detect and respond to change
Movement - motion all levels of structure
Growth - increase in body size due to increase in cell size and number
Differentiation - cell development from unspecialised to specialised
Repoduction - procreate
Define Homeostasis
Maintain equilibrium internally with constant interaction from external stimuli and internal stimuli
Describe the different types of body fluids
Intracellular fluid - found within the cells of the body
Extracellular fluid - fluid that surrounds the cells of the body
Interstitial fluid - fluid that fills gaps/voids between cells and tissues
Blood plasma - ECF within blood vessels
Lymph - ECF within lymphatic vessels
Cerebrospinal fluid - fluid within the CNS, in and around the brain and spinal cord
Synovial fluid - fluid found in synovial joints
Aqueous Humour/Vitreous body - ECF within the eye
What is a negative feedback system?
Cycle of events when a controlled condition in the body is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated etc etc
Stimulus, Controlled condition (eg decrease body temp), Monitored by Receptors, Input - nerve impulse to control centre, Control centre sends output to effectors (muscles to shiver), return to homeostasis. Feedback ends.
What is a positive feedback system?
Strengthen or reinforces a change within the body
eg Normal childbirth
Define disorder Define disease Define symptoms Define signs Define epidemiology Define pharmacology
Abnormality of structure or function
illness characterised by signs/symptoms: local disease, affects part/limited area, systemic disease, affects body system
Subjective changes in body function
Objective changes in body function
Study of disease in populations
Science of medications/drugs in treatment of disease
What is adenosine triphosphate?
ATP is the energy used for the cells. ATP has one adenosine molecule and three phosphate molecules.
Parts of a cell - cell biology
Plasma membrane - separates cell from external environment, selective barrier to regulate materials in/out of the cell
Cytoplasm - cystosol (intracellular fluid) is the fluid inside and the cell and also the organelle’s of the cell
Nucleus - DNA located within it
