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HNC Healthcare practice > Human body and illness > Flashcards

Human body and illness Flashcards

1
Q

Define what an atom is?

A

They are the smallest particles of matter and are made up of protons, electrons and neutrons. they are the building blocks of molecules

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2
Q

Give an example of an atom

A

Oxygen

Hydrogen

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3
Q

What are the main elements that make up a human

A

Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium.

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4
Q

What is a cell membrane

A

It surrounds and encloses all of the cell and only allows passage to a few things. ( selectively permeable)

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5
Q

What Is the cytoplasm?

A

It Is inside of the cell which supports the organelles and is a jelly consistacy

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6
Q

Describe what a Nucleus is and does?

A

It is an organelle found in a nucleus envelope ( nucleus membrane)

It holds the DNA molecules along with proteins used to make chromosomes

Controls cell activity.

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7
Q

Describe what a mitochondria is and does?

A

Membrane bound organelles found in cytoplasm.

Generates most of the chemicals energy needed to power cell’s biochemical reactions ( cellular respiration.

Energy is stored in ATP.

In cellular respiration, the cellular acid cycle and the electric transport chain happens here.

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8
Q

Describe what a Ribosome is and does?

A

Complex molecule made of ribosomal RNA molecules and proteins.

It is a factory for protein synthesis as It translates encoded messages from messenger RNA molecules to make proteins from amino acids.

Ribosomes are found in the cytoplasm and on the wall of the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

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9
Q

What are organelles used for?

A

Carries out cell activity.

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10
Q

What is the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

It is the transport system for molecules and the place for the synthesis of proteins for use of outside of cells.

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11
Q

Name the parts of the level of structural complexity

A

Atom- Molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system ( cardiovascular system) organism.

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12
Q

What parts of the brain are involved in maintaining homeostasis?

A

The medulla and the pituitary gland

Nervous system and Endocrine system.

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13
Q

What does the nervous system do to maintain homeostasis?

A

It sends messages in the form as nerve impulses to organs to maintain homeostasis.

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14
Q

What are the factors that can effect homeostasis?

A

Heat - External
Oxygen - External

Water Balance - internal
Blood Sugar - internal

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15
Q

What is the Negative feedback system in the body ?

A

It is a cycle of events in which the status of the body id monitored evaluated, changed and then it is started over.

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16
Q

What are the 3 concepts of feedback systems?

A

Receptors

Control centre

Effectors

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17
Q

What controls negative feedback?

A

Nothing, it is self regulating.

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18
Q

What is the receptor in the feedback systems and what Is it’s function?

A

The structure in the body that monitors changes in the specific parameter, E.g. nerve endings in the skin.

19
Q

What is the control centre in the feedback system and its functions?

A

The area within the body which ‘sets’ the range of values for a specified parameter. The input from the receptor is evaluated and any output commands are generated.

20
Q

What is the effector in the feedback system and it’s function?

A

The area of the body which receives the output and provides an adaptive response returning the specified parameter to within normal limits

21
Q

What is an example of Negative Feedback in Glucose levels

A

Increase glucose- Insulin secreted- stores glucose as glycogen- restore glucose level.

Decrease glucose- glycogen secreted- breaks down glucose- glucose level normal.

22
Q

What are hormones?

A

They are chemicals messengers that are circulated around the body to a target place away from where produced e.g. insulin.

23
Q

What do glands produce?

Give an example.

A

Glands produce hormones or fluid, e.g. adrenal glands on top of the kidney produces adrenaline ( Hormones).

Salivary glands produce saliva (fluid).

Pituitary glands secretes hormones.

24
Q

How much of an adults body in water?

A

50 - 60%

F M

25
Q

What is an example of colloids?

A

Plasma proteins in the blood as they increase the solute: Water concentration.

26
Q

What are colloids?

A

A mixture of substances that are not chemically combined.

27
Q

What is the total amount of water in the human body?

A

42 litres- Intra 28L
extra 14 L
Plasma 3.5 L
Interstitial 10.5 L

28
Q

What types of Body Fluid are there?

A

Intracellular and extracellular

In the cell Total fluid outside cells

29
Q

What causes Bulk Filtration?

A

It is caused by hydrostatic pressure so it is a passive process.

30
Q

What is Bulk Filtration?

A

It is when materials are passed through a membrane because of force on one side.

31
Q

What is an example of Bulk Filtration?

A

When nutrients, water and gases are moved through the capillary wall when the arteriole meets capillary.

32
Q

What is active Transport?

A

It is the movement of ions or molecules from a low concentration to a high one. It moves up the concentration gradient so it requires energy.

33
Q

What is an example of active Transport?

A

Sodium/ Potassium Pump.

34
Q

What substance is broken down during respiration? (cell)

A

Glucose.

35
Q

What is an example of osmosis?

A

When there is an ion increase in extracellular fluid, water moves from the cell into the extracellular fluid to keep the balance.

36
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

Movement of water molecules from a region of high concentration to an area of low concentration, through a semi-permeable membrane.

37
Q

What Is an example of Diffusion?

A

The exchange of 02 and C02 between the blood supply in the capillaries and the alveoli in the lungs.

38
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The process by which atoms or molecules move from a region of high concentration to a low one until equal on both sides- No energy required.

39
Q

What Is muscle atrophy?

A

When muscles waste away then change to water. Common in older people and that is why they have more water.

40
Q

What are examples of extracellular fluid?

A

Interstitial fluid Blood plasma Lymph Fluid.

41
Q

Where can we find intracellular fluid?

A

Cytoplasm.

42
Q

What is sensible and insensible fluid loss?

A

Sensible: Something measurable e.g. Urine

Insensible: Something unmeasurable e.g. Sweat evaporating off the skin.

43
Q

How much water does an infant have?

A

75%

44
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of a stable internal environment within the body while taking in account the external environment.

HNC Healthcare practice (1 decks)

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