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Human Biology Task 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Hormones

A

Secreted by specialised cells in a particular tissue and transported in blood.

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2
Q

What do hormones affect

A

all cells in the body
a particular group (target cells)
a particular organ (target organ

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3
Q

Three types of hormones

A

Protein hormones
- Made of proteins
- E.g. Insulin

Amine hormones
- Made of single amino acids
- E.g. Adrenaline

Steroid hormones
- Made of lipids
- E.g. Cortisol

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4
Q

Water soluble hormones 5

A
  • Amine(frm singe amino acid) + protein hormones(frm multiple amino acids)
  • Hydrophobic – cannot diffuse through membrane. as the phospholipid tails repell it.
  • Attach to receptor proteins in the membrane of the target cell.
  • Causes secondary messenger substance to diffuse through the cell and activate particular enzyme
  • Quick response, short lasting effects
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5
Q

Lipid soluble hormones 4

A
  • Steroid hormones(frm cholesterol)
  • Diffuses across membrane (hydrophillic) and combines with receptor inside the cell (nucleus or cytoplasm)
  • Hormone-receptor complex binds to section of gene activating/inhibiting transcription and protein synthesis (gene expression).
  • Slow to have effect, long lasting.
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6
Q

Two types of glands 3,2

A

Exocrine glands
- secrete hormones into a duct that carries the secretion to the surface/body cavities.
- E.g. Sweat glands, salivary glands.

Endocrine glands
– secrete hormones into extracellular fluid which passes into capillaries to be transported around the body.

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7
Q

Describe hypothalamus?

A

contains neurosecreotry cells
- releasing/inhibiting factors sent to ant.pit
- secretes oxytocin and ADH to post.pit

  • regulates many of the body’s basic functions. E.g. body temperature, water balance, heart rate.
  • mainly acts through the pituitary gland
  • produces hormones which travels by blood or along nerve fibres to Pituitary gland
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8
Q

What are the 5 releasing factors of hypothalamus?

A
  • Thyrotropin-releasing hormones(TRH): stimulates the released of TSH and prolactin
  • Gonadotropin- releasing hormone (GnRH) : simulates release of FSH AND LH
  • Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH): stimulates the release of adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)
  • growth hormone releasing hormone(GHRH): stimulates the release of growth hormone (GH)
  • prolactin releasing hormone (PRH): stimulates release of prolactin
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9
Q

What are the 2 inhibiting factors of hypothalamus?

A
  • Growth hormone inhibiting hormone(GHIH) : inhbits the released of GH and TSH
  • Prolactin inhibiting hormone(PIH): inhibits the release of prolactin
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10
Q

What is infundibulum

A

joins the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus

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11
Q

PITUITARY GLAND 4

A
  • Vital to normal functioning.
  • Known as ‘master gland’ due to the pituitary hormones often regulating activity of other endocrine glands.
  • Some hormones made in hypothalamus are secreted by pituitary gland.
  • all hormones secreted are protein
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12
Q

Anterior lobe (pituitary) secretes…1,4,4,3,3,5

A

Actually produces and secretes
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
- targets ovaries/testes
- Female: development of follicles
- Male: sperm production
Leutinising Hormone (LH)
- targets ovaries/testes
- Female: triggers ovulation
- Male: secretion of sex hormones
Growth Hormone (GH)
- targets all cells
- Body growth and increase protein synthesis rate
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
- targets thyroid gland
- Production and release of hormones
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
- targets adrenal cortex
- Production and release of hormones
Prolactin
- targets mammary glands
- Initiate and maintain milk secretion

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13
Q

Posterior Lobe 2,5

A

Communicates via nervous impulses
Does not produce hormones, only stores and secretes
Oxytocin
- targets Uterus and mammary glands
- Uterine muscle contractions and milk let-down
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
- targets Kidneys
- Fluid retention

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14
Q

Thymus 3

A

Thymosin(protein)
- T-Lymphocytes
- Influences the maturation of T-lymphocytes

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15
Q

Pancreas 3,3

A

Glucagon
- targets Liver
- Raises blood sugar by stimulating glycogen breakdown
Insulin
- targets Liver, muscle and fat stores
- Lowers blood sugar by promoting glucose to turn into glycogen
(Protein)

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16
Q

Testes 5

A

Androgens (e.g. Testosterone)
(Steroid)
- targets Many tissues
- Stimulate sperm production.
- Growth of skeletal muscle.
- Development/maintenance of male sex characteristics

17
Q

Ovaries 4,4

A

Oestrogens
- targets Many tissues
- Development of Female Characteristics.
- Regulates the Menstrual cycle
Progesterone
- targets Uterus and Mammary glands
- Regulate menstrual cycle/pregnancy.
- Prepares mammary glands for milk secretion.
(Steroid hormone)

18
Q

Adrenal Medulla 3,3

A

Adrenaline
- targets Most cells
- Fight-or-Flight response
Noradrenaline
- targets Most cells
- Similar effects (increases heart rate)
(Amine hormone)

19
Q

Adrenal Cortex 4,3

A

Cortisol
- targets Liver
- Promote normal metabolism,
- adapt to stress
Aldosterone
- targets Kidney
- Reduce sodium and increase potassium in urine
(Steroid hormone)

20
Q

Parathyroid 3

A

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) (Protein)
- targets Bones and Kidney
- Controls calcium and phosphate levels in blood

21
Q

Thyroid 4

A

Thyroxine(Amine)
- targets All cells
- Controls body metabolism by regulating anabolic/catabolic reactions to release energy.
- Maintains body temp.

22
Q

Pineal 3

A

Melatonin(Amine)
- targets Hypothalamus
- Regulates sleep patterns

23
Q

Hormone cascades 4

A
  • Hormones often involved in a chain of event (cascade).
  • Hypothalamus secretes releasing (stimulate secretion) or inhibiting factors (slow down secretion)
  • Travel anterior pituitary gland via blood and affect hormones secreted there.
  • Hormones secreted from APG can stimulate other glands to produce and secrete their own hormones (e.g. ACTH and Cortisol).
24
Q

ROLE OF LIVER

A

Converts glucose into glycogen (for storage) and glycogen into glucose (for release into blood)

25
Q

Type I Diabetes
Insulin-Dependent 2,2,2,2,2,7

A

Blood Glucose Levels:
- Hyperglycaemia – blood glucose levels rise higher than normal

Onset:
- Early and rapid onset – occurs during childhood

Insulin production?:
- Body does not produce enough insulin

Cause:
- Caused by destruction of Beta cells - autoimmune response

Management/ treatment:
- Requires insulin injections to regulate blood glucose – insulin is now usually administered via automated pump.

Risks if untreated:
Kidney failure
heart attack
stroke
amputations
blindness
nerve damage

26
Q

Type II Diabetes
Non-Insulin-Dependent 2,2,2,2,4,7

A

Blood Glucose Levels:
- Hyperglycaemia – blood glucose levels rise higher than normal

Onset:
- Late onset – occurs during adulthood

Insulin production?
- Body does not respond to insulin

Cause:
- Decreased function of insulin receptors – lifestyles factors contribute to this resistance

Management/treatment:
- Non-insulin-dependent
- Controlled by managing diet and lifestyle.
- Medication may also be required but not insulin.

Risks if untreated:
Kidney failure, heart attack, stroke, amputations, blindness, nerve damage

27
Q

Thyroid Disorders

A

Hyperthyroidism and Hypothyroidism

28
Q

Hyperthyroidism 1,4,6,2

A

Too much thyroid hormones (overactive thyroid)
Cause(s):
- Autoimmune – antibodies imitate TSH
- Too much iodine
- Tumour on the pituitary gland

Symptoms:
- Nervousness/anxiety
- Tremors/muscle weakness
- Fatigue
- Shortness of breathe
- Goitre (enlarged thyroid)

Treatment: medication, radioiodine treatment, surgery
Example: Graves’ disease

29
Q

Hypothyroidism 1,5,4,2

A

Not enough thyroid hormones (underactive thyroid)
Cause(s):
- Low iodine in diet (needed to make T3 & T4)
- Autoimmune (destruction of thyroid cells)
- Treatment of hyperthyroidism
- Pituitary dysfunction

Symptoms:
- Goitre (enlarged thyroid)
- Fatigue – tiredness & muscles aches
- Depression

Treatment: hormone replacement using synthetic thyroid hormones
Example: Hashimoto’s disease

30
Q

Adrenal Disorders 2,2

A

Hypercortisolism
(Cushing’s syndrome)

Hypocortisolism
Addison disease (Primary Adrenal Insufficiency)

31
Q

Hypercortisolism 2,2,2

A
  • Too much cortisol – usually due to excessive levels of ACTH from the pituitary gland
  • Commonly caused by tumour (pituitary gland) or excessive use of steroid medication (e.g. asthma)

Symptoms:
- weight gain, high blood pressure, mood swings/anxiety/depression, moon face (round, red, full)

Treatment:
- dependent on the cause – reduction in medication, surgery to remove tumour or medication to decrease cortisol production.

32
Q

Hypocortisolism 6

A

Insufficient cortisol (sometimes aldosterone too)
- Due to destruction or dysfunction of the adrenal cortex
- Usually caused by autoimmune response
- Gradual onset but progressive - dependent on degree of adrenal failure
- Symptoms: Weight loss, fatigue, dizziness, muscle weakening, hyperpigmentation (darkening of regions of the skin)
- Treated with hormone replacement therapy.

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