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Human Biology > Human Biology Lab Exam II > Flashcards

Human Biology Lab Exam II Flashcards

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1
Q

Mary’s father does not have freckles but Mary does. What genotype could Mary’s mother have?

A

FF or Ff

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2
Q

What is the genotype of a man who has unattached earlobes but whose mother has attached earlobes?

A

Aa

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3
Q

A cross gives a 3:1 phenotypic ratio. What are the genotypes of the parents?

A

heterozygous x heterozygous

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4
Q

What does a geneticist construct to show the inheritance pattern of a genetic disorder within a family?

A

Pedigree Chart

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5
Q

The alleles of which parent, regardless of phenotype, determine color blindness in a son?

A

Mother

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6
Q

If only males are affected in a pedigree chart, what is likely inheritance pattern for the trait?

A

Sex-linked

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7
Q

which cross gives the better chance of an offspring with the recessive phenotype? Aa x Aa or Aa x aa?

A

Aa x Aa = 3:1 = 25%

Aa x aa = 1:1 = 50%

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8
Q

Mary has a widow’s peak but her sister has a smooth hairline. Is either one of Mary’s parents homozygous dominant or recessive?

A

Recessive

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9
Q

Both parents have attached earlobes (recessive). What percentage of children will have unattached earlobes?

A

0%

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10
Q

If only your mother had Huntington disease (dominant) what are your chances of escaping the disorder which develops later in life?

A 
HH = 0%
Hh = 50%
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11
Q

A woman is a carrier for hemophilia. What are the chances for sons with hemophilia if the father has hemophilia? What if the father does not have hemophilia?

A

XHXh - 50%

50%

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12
Q

If the parents are not affected and a child is affected, what is the inheritance pattern?

A

heterozygous x heterozygous

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13
Q

The parents are homozygous recessive for freckles. What are the chances the children will have freckles? (Freckles are a dominant trait)

A

0%

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14
Q

A man has Huntington disease. He cannot assume his mother passed him the gene. Why not?

A

NOT a sex-linked disease

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15
Q

A boy is a hemophilic but his mother is not. What is her genotype?

A

XHXh

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16
Q

The trait is autosomal recessive and the results of a cross are 1:1. Using A =dominant and a=recessive, give the genotype of the parents.

A

Aa x aa = 1:1

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17
Q

Give the genotype of a girl that is a hemophiliac (recessive)

A

XhXh

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18
Q

What would be the genotype of a man who is homozygous dominant for widow’s peak and is color blind?

A

WWXcbY

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19
Q

The DNA structure resembles a twisted ladder. What molecules make up the sides of the ladder? What makes up the rungs of the ladder?

A

Sides = glucose and phosphate

Rungs - ATCG bases

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20
Q

Do the two DNA double helixes following DNA replication have the same or different composition?

A

SAME - Mitosis = identical

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21
Q

If the codons are AUG, CGC, and UAC what are the anticodons?

A

UAC GCG AUG

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22
Q

During transcription, what type of RNA is formed that carries the codons?

A

MRNA

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23
Q

In what part of the cell does translation occur?

A

Cytoplasm

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24
Q

During translation, what type of RNA carries amino acids to the ribosomes?

A

tRNA

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25
Q

What role does mRNA play in transcription and translation?

A

Transcription = copy of DNA

Translation - Directs Protein Synthesis

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26
Q

Explain the manner in which gel electrophoresis identifies a person with sickle-cell disease.

A

PCR amplified
Cut DNA
Put in agrose gel
Separate and creates DNA Fingerprinting

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27
Q

Bases of template DNA strand TAC CCC GAG CTT

  1. Identify the sequence of bases in the mRNA
  2. Identify the sequence of bases in the tRNA anticodon
A
  1. AUG GGG CUC GAA

2. UAC CCC GAG GUU

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28
Q

What is the location of the mammary papillae?

A

Ventral

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29
Q

Is the head anterior or posterior to the trunk?

A

Anterior

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30
Q

Is the umbilical cord connected medially or laterally?

A

Medially

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31
Q

Name the main organ medial to the lungs

A

Heart

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32
Q

What main organs are located in the thorax?

A

Heart
Lungs
Diaphragm

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33
Q

Other than by scrotum, tell how to sex the pig by its external anatomy.

A

Female - genital papilla near anus

Male - urogenital orifice directly below umbilical cord

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34
Q

Round gland located ventral to the trachea and posterior to the larynx.

A

Thyroid Gland

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35
Q

Where in general would one look to find the epiglottis and the pharynx?

A

Back of Mouth

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36
Q

The caecum lies at the junction of which two digestive organs?

A

small and large intestines

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37
Q

What sac-like organ is found in the posterior part of the right lobe of the liver?

A

Gall bladder

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38
Q

True or False

Both sexes have mammary papillae

A

True

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39
Q

What are the appendages of the pig?

A

Legs

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40
Q

How can you distinguish the large from the small intestine?

A

Small intestine - long coiled tube

Large Intestine - tighter near posterior end

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41
Q

How can one distinguish the trachea visually?

A

ribbed tube cartilage rings surround it

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42
Q

Where is the diaphragm located?

A

Under lungs, above liver

Thorax

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43
Q

What organ lies in the connective tissue between the stomach and the first part of the small intestines?

A

Pancreas

44
Q

What are the external nares?

A

Nostrils

45
Q

3 Reasons for dissection of Fetal Pig

A

Correct size
Reasonable price
Learn basic shape and appearance of the organs of adult mammal including our own anatomy.

46
Q

Difference arteries and veins in pig

A

Arteries - red

Veins - blue

47
Q

Four main chambers of the heart, noting which two are posterior and more muscular.

A 
L Atrium
R Atrium
Posterior and more muscular are
L Ventricle
R Ventricle
48
Q

Two main veins that carry blood to the right side of the heart?

A

Anterior Vena Cava

Posterior Vena Cava

49
Q

Renal =

A

Kidney

50
Q

Subclavian =

A

Front legs

51
Q

Pulmonary =

A

Lungs

52
Q

Arteries lateral to the trachea that carry blood to the head.

A

Carotid

53
Q

Body system works in conjuction with the circulatory system to return excess fluid from tissues to the bloodstream and defends body against disease.

A

Lymphatic

54
Q

Anterior and Posterior Vena Cava in humans. Why do these names replace those in the pig?

A

Superior and Inferior

We Stand Upright

55
Q

2 Main organs of the urinary system? Roles they serve.

A

Kidney - filter
Ureters - carry waste
Urinary bladder - stores urine

56
Q

Gonads in female and male

A

ovaries and testes

57
Q

What organ system comprises the urogenital system?

A

Urinary and Reproductive

58
Q

Complete Dominance

AA x aa = % heterozygous

A

Aa 100% heterozygous

59
Q

Complete Dominance

Aa x Aa = ratio

A 
AA
aa
Aa
Aa
3:1 = 3 dominant; 1 recessive
60
Q

Complete Dominance

Heterozygous x heterozygous Ratio

A

3:1

61
Q

Complete Dominance

Aa x aa = ratio

A 
Aa
Aa
aa
aa
1:1 = 2 Heterozygous; 2 Homozygous recessive
62
Q

Incomplete Dominance

Rr x Rr = ratio

A 
RR
Rr
Rr
rr
1:2:1 = red, pink, white
63
Q

Incomplete Dominance

Heterozygous x Heterozygous Ratio

A

1:2:1

64
Q

Dihybrid Cross

AaBb x AaBb = ratio

A

9:3:3:1

65
Q

Dihybrid Cross

Heterozygous x Heterozygous

A

9:3:3:1

66
Q

Dihybrid Cross

AaBb x aabb = ratio

A

1:1:1:1

67
Q

Dihybrid Cross

heterozygous x homozygous recessive

A

1:1:1:1

68
Q

To calculate a ratio -

A

divide both numbers by the smallest number second number should always be 1

69
Q

Calculate the concentration of each nucleotide given a double strand DNA

A 
A+T+C+G = 100%
C = 20% G = 20%
A = 30% T = 30%
70
Q

Transcription

A

DNA -> RNA
in G1 and G2
INSIDE nucleus

71
Q

Translation

A

mRNA -> Protein

in rough ER/ cytoplasm/ribosomes

72
Q

DNA and RNA Similarities

A

Both have Sugar and Bases
Both have Guanine and Cytosine and Adenine
Both needed for cells to produce proteins
Both have phosphate groups

73
Q

DNA and RNA Differences

A
  1. Strand - double vs single
  2. Sugar - deoxyribonucleic vs ribonucleic
  3. Base - ATCG vs AUCG
74
Q

DNA replication

A
  1. unzip
  2. nucleotide positioned and linked by polymerase
  3. old and new strands zipped together
  4. centromere holds double strands together
75
Q

mRNA function

A

copy of the DNA and can travel out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm

76
Q

rRNA

A

rRNA + Proteins = ribosomes

77
Q

tRNA

A

bring aminoacids to the proteins

78
Q

DNA extraction from the strawberry

A
  1. mash strawberry
  2. put 10 ml of aliquot (extraction buffer) into bag and continue mashing
  3. Funnel strawberry mush through cheese cloth into test tube
  4. add 5 ml of cold 95% ethanol
  5. grab DNA with wooden stick
79
Q

Epiglottis

A

prevents food from going down trachea

80
Q

Diaphragm

A

muscle for breathing assists lungs

81
Q

Larynx

A

voicebox

82
Q

Trachea

A

air to lungs

83
Q

Esophagus

A

food travels down

84
Q

Liver

A

makes bile to digest fat

85
Q

Stomach

A

digest food

86
Q

Small Intestines

A

absorb water

87
Q

Gall Bladder

A

store bile

88
Q

Spleen

A

removes damaged cells

89
Q

Pancreas

A

secrete enzymes to stomach

90
Q

Kidney

A

filter out toxins

91
Q

Carotid Arteries

A

O2 blood to head

92
Q

Brachiocephalic artery

A

aorta and carotid connection

93
Q

Subclavian Arteries

A

front legs

94
Q

Aorta

A

Sends clean blood to body

95
Q

Renal Arteries

A

clean blood to kidneys

96
Q

External Iliac Arteries

A

hind legs

97
Q

Umbilical Arteries

A

umbilical cord to placenta

98
Q

Anterior and Posterior vena cava color!

A

BLUE - to the heart

99
Q

Coronary artery

A

Provide nutrients to the heart RED

100
Q

Pulmonary Trunk

A

to the lungs

101
Q

Clean (O2) or dirty blood?

Right Atrium

A

Dirty

102
Q

Clean (O2) or dirty blood?

Left Atrium

A

Clean O2

103
Q

Clean (O2) or dirty blood?

Right Ventricle

A

Dirty

104
Q

Clean (O2) or dirty blood?

Left Ventricle

A

Clean O2

105
Q

Flow of blood through the heart

A 
Enters in Vena Cava on right side
Right atrium
Right Ventricle
Pulmonary Trunk
Left atrium
Left Ventricle
Aorta - to rest of the body
106
Q

Thorax

A

between the neck and the abdomen

Human Biology (1 decks)

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