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Human Biology Chapter 1-4 > Human Biology Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Human Biology Chapter 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Plasma membranes are composed primarily of

A

proteins and phospholipids

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2
Q

The diffusion of water through a membrane describes the process of ____

A

osmosis

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3
Q

A lipid-soluble molecule, such as a steroid is most likely to enter a membrane by

A

passing through the phospholipid layer

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4
Q

the process that transports molecules against a concentration gradient using ATP and a carrier is

A

active transport

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5
Q

which process does not require a membrane?

A

simple diffusion

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6
Q

what would happen and why if blood cells are places in a solution of distilled water(100 percent water)

A

the cells would swell because they are the hypotonic solution

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7
Q

which cell organelles contain cristae?

A

mitochondria

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8
Q

which of the following do cilia and flagella not have in common?

  • both move substances
  • both can be used for locomotion
  • both propel a sperm cell
  • both are extensions of the cell membrand
A

both propel a sperm cell

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9
Q

which of the following is a monosaccharide

  • fructose
  • sucrose
  • cellulose
  • startch
A

fructose

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10
Q

which of the following is a disaccharide

  • sucrose
  • glucose
  • cellulose
  • ribose
A

sucrose

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11
Q

which molecule is not a carbohydrate

  • fructose
  • sucrose
  • glycogen
  • trigeride
A

triglyceride

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12
Q

the basic components of cell membranes are ____

A

proteins

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13
Q

starch and glycogen are examples of ____

A

polysaccharides

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14
Q

the organelle that makes proteins

A

ribosome

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15
Q

which of the following is a protein

  • starch
  • glucose
  • cholesterol
  • keratin
A

keratin

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16
Q

the function of protein is directly related to its

A

three-dimensional structure

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17
Q

how many different amino acids are available to cells to make proteins?

A

20

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18
Q

the primary structure of a protein is its

A

sequence of amino acids

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19
Q

which of the following is a structural protein

  • collagen
  • hemoglobin
  • pepsin
  • insulin
A

collagen

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20
Q

ATP is important in cell function because it

A

stores energy

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21
Q

what type of microscopes can magnify objects from 100 to 400 times?

A

light

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22
Q

the ___ of the cell contains the ____ information that regulates structure and function

A

nucleus; genetic

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23
Q

the network of protein tubules in the cytoplasm of the cell is called the _____

A

cytoskeleton

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24
Q

The cytoplasm binds to organelles and ____, protein molecules that increase the rate of chemical reactions

A

enzymes

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25
Q

___ pathways are reactions in the cell that occur as parts of larger pathways

A

metabolic

26
Q

the plasma membrane consists of a ____ layer of lipid, mostly _____

A

double; phospholipids

27
Q

Proteins in the membrane that can be embedded in the lipid layer of the membrane are called

A

integral

28
Q

the control center of the cell

A

nucleus

29
Q

a protein that has carbohydrate units attached to it is called

A

glycoprotein

30
Q

the movement of water across the plasma membrane from a region of high concentration to one of low concentration is called

A

diffusion

31
Q

the movement of molecules through a membrane using carriers, but not expending energy, is called

A

facilitated diffusion

32
Q

facilitated diffusion requires a ____ protein in the membrane to shuttle molecules and ions from one side to the other down a concentration gradient

A

carrier protein

33
Q

the endocytic process by which cells can engulf bacteria is called

A

phagocytosis

34
Q

water moves across membranes through pores. it is driven by concentration differences. the driving force is called _____ pressure

A

osmotic pressure

35
Q

when the concentration of solutes in a fluid is the same as that of a cell, the fluid is said to be _____

A

isotonic

36
Q

when the fluid has a solute concentration lower than the cells cytoplasm, the fluid is said to be _____

A

hypotonic

37
Q

dropping cells into a hypotonic solution will cause them to ______

A

swelll

38
Q

the double membrane surrounding the nucleus is called the _____

A

nuclear envelope

39
Q

small openings in the nuclear envelope are called _____

A

nuclear pores

40
Q

strands of DNA in the nucleus of a cell with their associated protein are called _____

A

chromatin

41
Q

chromatin condenses before cell division to produce dark-staining bodies called ____

A

chromosomes

42
Q

the cell organelle that produces ribosomal RNA is the ____

A

nucleolus

43
Q

if two solutions have the same solute concentrations, they are said to be ______

A

isotonic to each other

44
Q

the cell organelle that destroys bacteria after their ingestion is the ____

A

lysosome

45
Q

the movement of water through a membrane from a region of high concentration of water to one of low concentration is called ____

A

osmosis

46
Q

a sperm moves with the aid of a whip-like organelle called _____

A

flagellum

47
Q

the ____ is an organelle with the greatest energy production in a cell

A

mitochondrion

48
Q

protein for extracellular use and digestive enzymes found in lysosomes are produced on the _____. the instructions for these proteins come from the nucleus in the form of ____ molecules

A

rough ER; messenger RNA

49
Q

secretory vesicles are packages of protein and other cellular products. secretory vesicles are produces by the ____ ______

A

golgi complex

50
Q

the motive force is created by microtubules arranged as ____ pairs surrounding a central doublet. this is the ___ arrangement

A

nine; nine plus two

51
Q

small motile projections on the cells lining much of the respiratory tract are called _____

A

cilia

52
Q

the chemical breakdown of glucose is called ___ ____

A

cellular respiration

53
Q

the first step in cellular respiration is known as ____ which occurs in the ______

A

glycolysis; cytoplasm

54
Q

the smaller subunits that bond together to form a protein

A

amino acids

55
Q

the electron transport system is the major source to produce _____, the cells chief energy currency

A

ATP

56
Q

the main product of the citric acid cycle is high-energy ____, which are picked up by two molecules, FADH2 and ______

A

electrons; NADH

57
Q

in the absence of oxygen, muscle cells produce energy by a process called

A

fementation

58
Q

in humans, in the absence of oxygen, muscle cells produce _____

A

lactic acid

59
Q

name two polysaccharides

A

starch and glycogen

60
Q

the sequence of amino acids in the structure of a protein is called _____

A

primary structure

61
Q

there are ____ levels of protein structure

A

four

Human Biology Chapter 1-4 (2 decks)

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