Human Biology Ch 32 Flashcards
Radiation response occurs within minutes or
days after radiation exposure
Early Effect of Radiation
Radiation response that is not observe for 6
months or longer after radiation exposure
Late Effect of Radiation
The study of the effects of ionizing radiation
on biologic tissue
Radiobiology
It determines the character & degree of the
radiation interaction that occurs
Atomic Composition
First named the cell as the biologic building
block
Robert Hooke (1665)
Accurately described a living cell on the
basis of his microscopic observations
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1673)
Showed that cells are the basic functional
units in all plants & animals
Schneider & Schwann (1838)
Described the molecular structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) as genetic substance of the cell
Watson & Crick (1953)
precise mapping of 40,000 human
genes
Human Genope Project (2000)
It defines the nature of radiation response
Molecular & Tissue Composition
Very large molecules that sometimes consist
of hundreds of thousands of atoms
Macromolecules
Life-supporting & contains carbon
Organic Molecule
The rarest molecule in the body, The most critical & radiosensitive target
molecule
Nucleic Acid
The simplest & the most abundant molecular
constituent in the body
Water
Essential for proper metabolism
Trace Elements & Inorganic Salts
The state of equilibrium among tissue &
organs
Homeostasis
Breaking down into smaller units of
macromolecules
Catabolism
The production of large molecules from
small
Anabolism
Catabolism & anabolism
Metabolism
Long chain macromolecules that consist of a
linear sequence of amino acids connected by
peptide bonds
Proteins
The metabolic production of proteins
Protein Synthesis
Molecules that are necessary in small
quantities to allow a biochemical reaction to
continue, even though they do not directly
enter into the reaction
Enzymes
Molecules that exercise regulatory control
over some body functions
Hormones
A primary defense mechanism of the body
against infection & disease
Antibodies
Invasive & infectious agent
Antigen
Organic macromolecules composed solely
of carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen
Lipids
First considered to be watered or hydrated
carbons
Carbohydrates
A simple sugar, The ultimate molecule that fuels the body
Glucose
Ordinary table sugar
Sucrose
Plant starches & animal glycogen
Polysaccharides
A human polysaccharide, It used only when quantities of the simple
sugar (glucose) are inadequate
Glycogen
A very large and extremely complex
macromolecules
Nucleic Acids
Two principal Nucleic Acids
DNA & RNA
It contains all the hereditary information that
represents a cell or whole individual
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
The base sugar-phosphate combination
Nucleotide
Two Major Structures of Human Cell
Nucleus & Cytoplasm
The center of the cell
Nucleus
A rounded structure that is attached to the
nuclear membrane
Nucleolus
A double-walled structure that at some
locations is connected to the endoplasmic
reticulum
Nuclear Membrane
The bulk of the cell
Cytoplasm
a channel or series or channels that allows
the nucleus to communicate with the
cytoplasm
Endoplasmic Reticulum
The engine of the cell
Mitochondria
The site of protein synthesis
Ribosomes
They contains enzymes capable of digesting
cellular fragments & sometimes the cell
itself
Lysosomes
Absorbs all nutrients through the cell
membrane
Cell Function
A critical cellular function necessary for
survival
Protein Synthesis
It identifies one of the 22 amino acids
available for protein synthesis
Codon
The act of a single cell or group of cells to
reproduce & multiply in number
Cell Proliferation
Two General Types of Cells in the Human Body
Genetic/Germ Cell & Somatic Cell
Process of somatic cell division wherein a
parent cell divides to form two daughter
cells identical to the parent cell
Mitosis
4 subphases of Mitosis
prophase, metaphase, anaphase & telophase (PMAT)
Two Phases of the Cell Cycle
Metaphase & Interphase
The period of growth of the cell between
divisions
Interphase
Four Phases of the Cell Cycle
M, G1, S & G2
Pre-DNA synthesis phase
G1 Phase
The DNA-synthesis phase
S Phase
The post-DNA synthesis gap of the cell
growth
G2 Phase
The nucleus swells
Prophase
Radiation-induced chromosome damage is
analyzed during…
Metaphase
appear & lined up along the equator of the nucleus
Metaphase
New chromosome migrates toward
the spindle
Anaphase
The final segment of mitosis
Telophase
The process whereby genetic cells undergo
reduction division
Meiosis
Process that occurs during meiosis wherein
chromatids exchange chromosomal material
Crossover
Collection of cells of similar structure &
function
Tissue
Collection of tissues of similar structure &
function
Organs
Combination of tissues & organs that forms
an overall integrated organization
Organ System
Undifferentiated cells, precursor cells or
stem cells
Immature Cells
Types of Tissues
Epithelium, Connective & Supporting,
Muscle & Nervous
The covering tissue, It lines all the exposed surfaces of the body,
both exterior & interior
Epithelium
It binds tissue & organs together
Connective & Supporting Tissue
A special type of tissue that can contract
Muscle Tissue
The avenue by which electrical impulses are
transmitted throughout the body for control
& response
Nervous Tissue
Part of an organ that contains tissues
representative of that particular organ
Parenchymal
Part of an organ that is composed of
connective tissue & vasculature
Stromal
