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Radibio > Human Biology > Flashcards

Human Biology Flashcards

1
Q

The affects of x-rays on humans is the result of interactions at what level

A

The atomic level

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2
Q

These atomic interactions take the form of ionization for excitation of

A

Orbital electrons and result in the deposition of energy in tissue

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3
Q

Deposited energy can produce

A

A molecular change

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4
Q

When an atom is ionized

A

It’s chemical binding properties change

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5
Q

If atom is a part of a large molecule. Ionization may result in

A

breakage of the molecule or relocation of the atom within the molecule.

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6
Q

The abnormal molecule may eventually

A

Function improperly or cease to function, leading to serious impairment or cell death

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7
Q

How can ionized atoms become neutral

A

By attracting free electrons

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8
Q

Molecules can mend by

A

Repair enzymes

Or electrons attaching to a free electron

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9
Q

If the radiation response increases in severity with increasing radiation dose, it is called a

A

Deterministic Effect

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10
Q

If the incidence of the radiation response increases with increasing radiation dose it is called

A

Stochastic effect

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11
Q

Which effect occurs within days or weeks

A

Deterministic

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12
Q

What type of effect is not observed for moths or years

A

Stochastic

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13
Q

Name 4 types of deterministic effects of radiation

A

Acute radiation syndrome
Local tissue damage (skin)
Hematologic depression
Cytogenetic damage

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14
Q

Name 3 Acute Radiation syndromes

A

Hematologic syndrome
Gastrointestinal syndrome
CNS syndrome

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15
Q

Name 5 Stochastic effects of radiation

A 
Leukemia 
Malignant diseases
Local tissue damage (eyes, gonads, skin)
Shortened life span
Genetic damage
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16
Q

Define Radiobiology

A

The study of the effects of ionizing radiation on biological tissue

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17
Q

At the most basic level, the human body is composed of

A

Atoms

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18
Q

The top 4 atomic composition of the body

A 
Hydrogen 60%
Oxygen 25.7%
Carbon 10.7%
Nitrogen 2.4%
Then calcium, phosphorus. Sulfur trace elements
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19
Q

Robert Hooke

A

Named the cell as the biologic building block, in 1665

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20
Q

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

A

Accurately described a living cell on the basis of his microscopic observation. 1673

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21
Q

Schneider and Schwann

A

Showed that in all plants and animals, cells are the basic functional unit.

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22
Q

The Cell Theory

A

In all plants and animals, cells are the basic functional units.

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23
Q

Watson and Crick

A

Description of the molecular structure of deoxyribonucleic acid as the genetic substance of the cell.
1953

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24
Q

5 principle types of molecule found in the body

A 
Water 80%
Protein 15%
Lipids 2%
Carbohydrates 1%
Nuclei acid 1%
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25
Q

Which of the 5 molecules in the body are macromolecules

A

Protein
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Nucleic acids

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26
Q

Define macromolecules

A

Very large molecules that sometime consist of hundreds of thousands of atoms.

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27
Q

One of the rarest molecules

A

DNA

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28
Q

— is the most critical and radiosensitive target molecule

A

DNA

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29
Q

What molecule playing a big role in delivering energy to the target molecule, thereby contributing to radiation effects.

A

Water

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30
Q

Proteins are

A

Long-chain of amino acids connected by peptide bonds

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31
Q

What are 3 functions of proteins

A

Function as :
Enzymes
Hormones
Antibodies

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32
Q

Lipid are

A

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

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33
Q

Where are lipids present?

A

In structural components of cell membranes.
Not permeable to
Water

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34
Q

2 functions of lipids

A

Subcutaneous lipid layer provides insulation.

Serve as fuel

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35
Q

How are carbohydrates similar and different from lipids

A

Similar because they are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

Different in structural arrangement that that of lipids

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36
Q

Chief function of carbohydrates

A

To provide fuel for cell metabolism

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37
Q

— is the main molecule that fuels the body.

A

Glucose

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38
Q

DNA contains all

A

Of the hereditary information that represents a cell

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39
Q

DNA of a germ cell contains

A

All the hereditary information of the whole individual

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40
Q

RNA is located mostly in

A

The cytoplasm, but is also in the nucleus

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41
Q

M RNA and T RNA are involved in

A

The growth and development of the cell.

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42
Q

DNA consists of a backbone composed of

A

Alternating segments of deoxyribose and phosphate,.

For each deoxyribose-phosphate formed, a molecule of water is removed.

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43
Q

Attached to each deoxyribose molecule is

A 
One of 4 different nitrogenous organic bases:
Adenine
Guanine
Thymine
Cytosine
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44
Q

Purines

A

Guanine

Adenine

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45
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Thymine

Cytosine

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46
Q

2 essential nucleic acids

A

Ribonucleic acid

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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47
Q

DNA structure

A

Double helix
Sides are alternating sugar and phosphates.
The rings are bases joined by hydrogen bonds.

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48
Q

The sequence of base bonding is limited to— in DNA

A

Adenine - Thymine

Cytosine - Guanine

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49
Q

How does RNA have a Key role in protein synthesis

A

RNA carries the DNA blueprint from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where the building materials are.

50
Q

2 major structures of the cell

A

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

51
Q

The principle molecular component of the nucleus is

A

DNA= genetic materials of cell

52
Q

The nucleus also contains some

A

RNA, protein and water

53
Q

MOST RNA is located in

A

Nucleolus

54
Q

Nucleolus

A
  1. Rounded structure
  2. often attached to the nuclear membrane
  3. Connects to ER, which controls the passage of molecules, mostly RNA, from nucleus to cytoplasm.
55
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Contains all molecular components except DNA

mRNA and tRNA are found there

56
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

A channel or series of channels that allows the nucleus to communicate with the cytoplasm

57
Q

Mitochondria

A

Large bean-shaped structures.
Macromolecules are digested to produce energy.

Engine of the cell

58
Q

Ribosomes

A

Small, dot-like structures

Involved in the protein synthesis

59
Q

Lysosomes

A

Small, pea-like sacs

Contain digesting enzymes capable of digesting enzymes

Reaponsible for removal of intracellular contaminants.

60
Q

Cell membranes consists of

A

Lipid-protein complexes

61
Q

When a macromolecules is incorporated into a living cell, a dose of — is needed to produce a measurable change

A

A few mGY

62
Q

Human cells can be killed with a dose of less than –Gy.

A

1

63
Q

A critical cellular function needed for survival

A

Protein synthesis

64
Q

DNA contains

A

A code that identifies which proteins to make

65
Q

—- takes the code, called a codon, from DNA

A

mRNA

66
Q

Codon

A

3 base pairs, codes for 1 amino acid

67
Q

—- identifies one of the 21 amino acids available for protein synthesis

A

Codon

68
Q

The genetic message is transferred within the nucleus to

A

A molecule of mRNA

69
Q

MRNA leaves the nucleus

A

Through the endoplasmic reticulum

70
Q

After the mRNA leaves the nucleus, it

A

Makes its way to a ribosome, where the genetic message is transferred to tRNA

71
Q

TRNA searches the cytoplasm for

A

The amino acids for which it was coded.

72
Q

After the tRNA attaches to the amino acid, it

A

Carries the amino acid to the ribosome

73
Q

At the ribosome, the amino acid

A

Is linked with other amino acids by peptide bond to form the complete protein molecule

74
Q

Cell proliferation

A

The act of a single cell or group of cells to reproduce and multiply in number

75
Q

2 general types of cells

A

Somatic

Genetic (sex)

76
Q

Genetic cells under

A

Meiosis

77
Q

Somatic cells proliferate/divide via

A

Mitosis

78
Q

What are the 4 subphases of cell division in Mitosis

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

79
Q

What is the period of growth of the cell between divisions/ aka CELL CYCLE

A

Interphase

80
Q

What are the 4 phases of the CELL CYCLE

A

M (mitosis)
G1
S
G2

81
Q

What phase are the chromosomes not visible

A

Interphase

82
Q

During. —phase the nucleus swells, and DNA becomes more prominent

A

Prophase

83
Q

During—- the chromosomes appear and align

A

Metaphase

84
Q

Very radiosensitive stage of Mitosis

A

Metaphase

85
Q

During—splitting of chromosomes

A

Anaphase

86
Q

Cellular replication where the daughter cell is exact replica of parent cell.

A

Mitosis

87
Q

Teleophase

A

The final segment of mitosis.

Closing off the nuclear membrane like a dumbbell into 2 nuclei.

88
Q

Genetic material can change during the division process of genetic cells, which is called

A

Meiosis

89
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do somatic and genetic cells have

A

23

90
Q

How many chromosomes do somatic and genetic cells have

A

46

91
Q

The process whereby genetic cells undergo reduction division of diploid to haploid number of chromosomes 46 to 23

A

Meiosis

92
Q

The reduction to 23 chromosomes allows for

A

After Fertilization, the union of 2 genetic cells, then the daughter cells will contain 46 chromosomes

93
Q

Tisssues

A

Collection of cells of similar structure and function

94
Q

Organs

A

Tissues bound together

95
Q

Organ system

A

Tissues and organs combine

96
Q

Name the organ systems

A 
Nervous
Reproductive
Digestive
Respiratory
Endocrine
97
Q

Immature cells are called

—- are more radio sensitive.

A

Undifferentiated cells

Stem cells

98
Q

What types of cells are highly radiosensitive

A

Lymphocytes
Spermatogonia
Erythroblasts
Intestinal crypt cells

99
Q

Low radiosensitive cells

A

Muscle cells

Nerve cells

100
Q

Senstivity of the cell to radiation is determined by

A

Its state of maturity
Its functional role
Rate of division (high is more radiosensitive)

101
Q

The principal aim of the study of radiobiology is

A

To understand radiation dose-response relationships

102
Q

What law states that the radiosensitivity of living tissue varies with maturation and metabolism

A

The Law of Begonie and Tribondeau

103
Q

The radiation effects of bone cancer were observed in

A

Radium watch dial painters

104
Q

The radiation effects of lung cancer were observed in

A

Uranium miners

105
Q

The radiation effects of liver cancer were observed in

A

Patients who underwent Thorotrast studies

106
Q

The radiation effects of cataracts were observed in

A

Cyclotron workers

107
Q

The goal of radio biologic research is

A

To produce radiation dose response relationship is so response to doses can be predicted and managed

108
Q

Water molecules exist in what two states

A
  1. Free state

2. Bound, to other molecules

109
Q

Organic molecules name three

A

Proteins
Lipids
Carbohydrates
They are life supporting and contain carbon

110
Q

The radiation effects of malignant disease were observed in

A

Atomic bomb survivors

111
Q

The radiation effects of leukemia and reduced life span were observed in

A

American radiologists

112
Q

Why are carbohydrates called watered carbons

A

Because ratio of hydrogen to carbon is 2:1

112
Q

What macromolecules are very large and extremely complex?

A

Nucleic acids

112
Q

Located primarily in the nucleus of the cell DNA serves as the

A

Command or control molecules for cell function.

112
Q

Describe the structure of RNA

A

Single helix

The sugar component is ribose not deoxyribose)

112
Q

What are two major components of the human cell?

A

Nucleus and cytoplasm

113
Q

Irradiation of more than –Gy, to see measurable change in macromolecules irradiated by themselves.

A

10kGy

114
Q

The — is more sensitive than the cytoplasm.

A

Nucleus

115
Q

Radiation damage at any part of the —- can damage cell.

A

Protein synthesis

116
Q

Radiation to— has more effect in producing a response then is radiation to other molecules involved in protein synthesis.

A

DNA

Radibio (4 decks)

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