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Human Biology 1st half Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

What does DNA stand for

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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2
Q

What is DNA

A

It is the genetic makeup that carries the instructions for life and made up of nucleotides

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3
Q

What is a nucleotide

A

They consist of a phospate group bound to a sugar which is bound to a nitrogenous base

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4
Q

What are genes

A

Sections of DNA that contain instruction for making proteins

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5
Q

What are genes responsible for

A

They are responsible for a persons trait such as hair and eye colour

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6
Q

What are bases

A

They are the ‘rungs’ of the ladder and connect through a weak hydrogen bond to their complementary base

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7
Q

Name the 4 complimentary bases

A

Adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine

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8
Q

What is a chromosone

A

A tightly wound piece of DNA around a histone

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9
Q

What does RNA stand for

A

Ribonucleic acid

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10
Q

What is RNA

A

It is a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins

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11
Q

What is protein synthesis

A

It is the making and formation of proteins

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12
Q

What are the 2 steps of protein synthesis

A

Transcription and then translation

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13
Q

Describe the process of transcription

A

The DNA in the nucleus is unzipped and copied into mRNA which then leaves the nucleus through a nuclear pore

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14
Q

What is half of a chromosone called

A

A chromatid

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14
Q

Describe the process of translation

A

Once the mRNA is in the cytoplasm it bind to the ribosome. The tRNA reads the mRNA’s codons and uses it anti codons to go in the correct place and get the amino acid this then bonds with the others and creates a chain which then forms a protein

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15
Q

What is the q and p arm

A

The top arm is is the p arm and the bottom arm is the q arm

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16
Q

What is the difference between RNA and DNA

A

RNA has one strand and DNA has two. RNA uses ribose as the sugar and DNA uses deoxyribose. RNA has Uracil and DNA has thymine. DNA is found in the nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts and RNA is found in the cytoplasm, ribosomes and the nucleus

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17
Q

What are the 2 categories of mutations

A

Germline and somatic

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18
Q

What are germline mutations

A

Mutations that occur in your sex cells and affect your offspring

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19
Q

What are somatic mutations

A

Mutations that occur in your body cells and don’t affect offspring only yourself

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20
Q

What are the 2 main types of mutations

A

Point mutations and non disjunction

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21
Q

What is a point mutation

A

A mutation where only a single nucleotide is changed

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22
Q

What are the types of point mutations

A

Deleted, duplicated, inverted, inserted and substituted

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23
Q

What is non disjunction

A

A mutation where chromosomes fail to separate properly during meiosis

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24
What are the 2 types of non disjunction
Autosomal and sex chromosome
25
What is autosomal non disjunction
It affects chromosomes 1-22 and causes genetic disorders like down syndrome
26
What is sex chromosome non disjunction
Affects X and Y chromosomes and causes turner and klinefelter syndrome
27
What is mitosis
It only occurs in body cells and it is for growth and repair
28
What are the stages of mitosis
Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis
29
What happens in the interphase
It is before mitosis occurs, DNA replication occurs, cell is diploid, cell enlarges and organelles replicate
30
What happens in the prophase
Nuclear membrane decays, DNA condense as chromosomes become visible, spindle fibres appear
31
What happens in the metaphase
Chromosomes arrange along the center of the cell, spindle fibres attach to centromere
32
What happens in the anaphase
Spindle fibres pull chromatids to either end, spindle fibres disappear
33
What happens in the telophase
Chromosomes decondense, nuclear membrane reforms, 2 sets of chromosones
34
What happens in cytokenisis for mitosis
Cytoplasm divides, cell pinches in half and cell divides into 2 genetically identical diploid daughter cells
35
Describe DNA replication
DNA Helicase unzips DNA, DNA polymerase attaches free complimentary nucleotides to the exposed bases , DNA ligase seals them and the outcome is 2 double helix molecules both with one parental and one new strand of DNA
36
What is meiosis
Where a single cell divides twice to produce four cells containing half the original amount of genetic information
37
What are homologous pairs
Chromosomes of the exact same length
38
What is crossing over
Homologous pairs can pass and swap genetic information
39
What are the stages of meiosis
Interphase, prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase 1, cytokinesis, prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, telophase 2, and cytokinesis
40
What happens in the interphase
Parent cell is diploid and DNA is replicated
41
What happens in the prophase 1
Nucleus decays and DNA winds up, crossing over can occur
42
What happens in the metaphase 1
Spindle fibers attach to the centromere of each homologous chromosome pair and pull the matching chromosomes into a line at the centre of the cell
43
What happens in the anaphase 1
The matching chromosomes of a homologous pair are called to opposite ends of the cell and spindle fibers disappear
44
What happens in the telophase 1
The cell membrane pinches in, the nuclear membrane reforms and the two nuclei seperate
45
What happens in cytokinesis 1 for meiosis
Cell pinches completely into two diploid daughter
46
What happens in the prophase 2
Nuclear membranes disappear and spindle fibres reform in both cells
47
What happens in the metaphase 2
Chromosomes move into the center of the cell where spindle fibers attach to each chromatid, the centromeres start to divide
48
What happens in the anaphase 2
The chromosomes are pulled apart and the chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell and spindle fibers disappear
49
What happens in the telophase 2
The nuclear membranes reform and the chromosomes are no longer visible
50
What happens in cytokinesis 2 for meiosis
Both cells pinch in half to produce 4 genetically different haploid daughter cells each containing half the amount of DNA as was in the parent cell
51
What happens in fertilisation
The sperm breaks through the corona radiata of the ova and the sperm nucleus joins with the ova's and the zygote nucleus is formed. Zygote divides and becomes a embryo and embeds in the uterus wall and develop into a Foetus
52
What are fraternal twins
2 ova fertilised by 2 sperm, can be different sex
53
What are identical twins
The zygote divides into 2 when fertilized, same sex and identical DNA
54
What is heredity/inheritance
When genes are passed down from parent to offspring
55
What is an allele
A different form of gene, a combination of these is your genotype
56
What is homozygous
two identical allele for the same trait
57
What is hetrozygous
Two different allele for the trait
58
What is a dominant trait
Characteristics that only need one allele to be expressed
59
What are recessive traits
They need to be inherited from both parents
60
What is a phenotype
Physical appearance of the genes or traits expressed
61

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