Human Biology🫁🫀🧠

Question 1

Give the function of endorphins

Answer 1

Reducing the intensity of pain

Question 2

Give 2 examples of when the body would increase its levels of endorphins

Answer 2

• being shot at war
• hurting a muscle as an athlete

Question 3

Give the function of dopamine

Answer 3

Induces feelings of pleasure

Question 4

Give 2 examples of a time when the body would increase its levels of dopamine

Answer 4

• during sex
• when eating

Question 5

Name the three types of neutrons

Answer 5

• sensory
• Inter
• Motor

Question 6

State the function of the axon and dendrite

Answer 6

Transport electrical impulses for the dendrites to receive

Question 7

Give the function of the myelin sheath

Answer 7

surrounds axons in order to insulate them
increases the speed of impulse conduction

Question 8

Why would a 1 year old have less coordination than an adult?

Answer 8

A 1 year old has less myelin

Question 9

Explain the role of glial cells?

Answer 9

They produce the myelin sheath and provide physical support to the neurons

Question 10

Describe the neuropathway

Answer 10

1. Nervous impulse travels down the pre-synaptic axon
2. Vesicles with neurotransmitters trigger to move to and fuse with pre-synaptic membrane
3. Neuro-transmitter secreted into synaptic cleft
4. Receptors in post-synaptic membrane recognise transmitter molecules
5. Nervous impulse continues along dendritic of post-synaptic neuron

Question 11

What are acetylcholine broken by?

Answer 11

Enzymes

Question 12

What’s a converging neural pathway?

Answer 12

impulses from several neurons travel to one neuron
E.g. retina of the eye increase sensitivity to low level illumination

Question 13

What’s a diverging neural pathway?

Answer 13

Impulses from one neuron travel to several neurons so affecting more than one destination at the same time
E.g. writing

Question 14

What’s a reverberating pathway?

Answer 14

Neurons later in the pathway link with earlier neurons sending the impulse back through the pathway
E.g. breathing (repeating activities)

Question 15

What is the cerebral cortex?

Answer 15

The centre of conscious thought

Question 16

Stages of memory

Answer 16

Encoding —> storage —> retrieval

Question 17

What is encoding

Answer 17

Transfer of information into memory

Question 18

What is storage

Answer 18

The retention of information over a period of time anything from 30 seconds to a lifetime

Question 19

What is retrieval?

Answer 19

Remembering/recalling information that has been stored in either STM or LTM

Question 20

How can STM be improved?

Answer 20

• chunking
• rehearsal

Question 21

What’s the serial position effect?

Answer 21

remember the first and last items in a list better than those in the middle.

Question 22

How can STM turn to LTM

Answer 22

• rehearsal
• organisation
• elaboration

Question 23

What’s a contextual cue?

Answer 23

When a piece of information is called up and retrieved from the LTM which can be triggered through emotion/dramatic effect/ sound/ smell

Question 24

What is the inflammatory response?

Answer 24

When the body suffers an injury such as a cut or the invasion by microorganisms
- responds with a localised defence mechanism

Question 25

What’s a phagocyte?

Answer 25

White blood cells involved in non-specific immune response

Question 26

How do phagocytes help us?

Answer 26

they recognise pathogens and destroy them by phagocytosis

Question 27

What do phagocytes release?

Answer 27

Cytokines which attract more phagocytes to the area of infection

Question 28

What’s an antigen?

Answer 28

They are molecules, often proteins located on the surface of cells that trigger a specific immune response

Question 29

What are the 2 main groups of lymphocytes?

Answer 29

• T lymphocytes
• B lymphocytes

Question 30

What’s a B lymphocyte?

Answer 30

Produce antibodies against antigens and this leads to the destruction of the pathogen.

Question 31

What’s a T Lymphoctye

Answer 31

Destroy infected body cells by recognising antigens of the pathogen on the cell membrane and inducing apoptosis
-attach on to infected cells and release proteins

Question 32

What is apoptosis?

Answer 32

Programmed cell death

Question 33

Allergic reactions

Answer 33

T lymphocytes can response to antigens substances that are normally harmless to the body E.g. pollen.
- hay fever
- peanut allergies

Question 34

What is autoimmune diseases?

Answer 34

In autoimmunity the T Lymphocytes attack the body’s own cells, this causes diseases such as Type 1 diabetes and arthritis

Question 35

Immunological memory cells

Answer 35

Some of the cloned B and T lymphocytes survive the long term as MEMORY CELLS.
When a secondary exposure of the same antigen occurs these memory cells rapidly give rise to a new clone of specific lymphocytes

Question 36

Primary and secondary immunology memory cells.

Answer 36

PRIMARY- response to the antigen usually causes illness.

SECONDARY- antibody production is greater and more rapid than during the primary so the individual does not develop the same infection again

Question 37

What does the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) do?

Answer 37

Attacks and destroys T lymphocytes.
HIV causes depletion of T lymphocytes which Leads to the development of AIDS. Individuals with AIDS have a weakened immune system and are a lot more vulnerable to infections
E.g. salmonella, pneumonia

Question 38

Antigens in vaccines

Answer 38

THE ANTIGENS USED IN VACCINES CAN BE;
• inactivated pathogen toxins
• dead pathogens
• parts of pathogens
• weakened pathogens

Antigens are usually mixed with an ADJUVANT when producing the vaccine

Question 39

What’s an Adjuvant? (Vaccine Part A)

Answer 39

A substance which makes the vaccine more effective so enhancing the immune response

Question 40

What is herd immunity?

Answer 40

Occurs when a large percentage of a population is immunised.
Establishing herd immunity is important in reducing the spread of diseases.

Diseases have a threshold for herd immunity, these thresholds depend on;
• type of disease
• effectiveness of vaccine
• density of population

Difficulty arise when vaccination isn’t possible due to;
• poverty
• people reject the vaccine

Question 41

What are pathogens?

Answer 41

Disease causing biological agents

Question 42

Name 4 different examples of pathogens

Answer 42

• bacterium
• virus
• fungi
• protozoan

Question 43

What is meant by ‘non-specific defence’

Answer 43

The body’s first line of defence against any pathogen