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Hotdog > Human biology > Flashcards

Human biology Flashcards

1
Q

Can become neutral again by attracting a free electron

A

Ionized atoms

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2
Q

Study of the effects of ionizing radiation on biologic tissue

A

Radiobiology

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3
Q

Can be mended by repair enzymes

A

Molecules

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4
Q

Radiation response increases in SEVERITY with increasing radiation dose;
Occurs within days after the radiation exposure.

A

Deterministic effect

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5
Q

Radiation interaction at the atomic level results ________ which can produce a cell that is deficient in terms of normal growth and metabolism.

A

Molecular change

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6
Q

If the incidence of the radiation response increases with increasing radiation does it is called ____.
Not observed for months or years.

A

Stochastic effect

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7
Q

Its goal is to accurately describe the effect of radiation on humans so that radiation can be used more safely in diagnosis and more effectively in therapy.

A

Radiobiologic research

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8
Q

Human body is composed of ____.

A

Atoms

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9
Q

Atomic composition of the body

A

-hydrogen 60.0%
-25.7% oxygen
-10.7% carbon
-2.4 nitrogen
-0.2% calcium
-0.1% phosphorus
-0.1% sulfur
-0.8% trace elements

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10
Q

Molecular composition of the body

A

-80% water
-15% proteins
-2% lipids
-1% carbohydrates
-1% nucleic acid

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11
Q

It is the most abundant molecular constituent of the body.
It consists of two atoms of hydrogen and 1 atom of oxygen and constitutes approximately 80% of human substance.

A

Water

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12
Q

It is the breaking down into smaller pieces of macromolecules

A

Catabolism

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13
Q

These are end products of catabolism

A

Water and carbon dioxide

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14
Q

It’s the production of large molecules from small

A

Anabolism

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15
Q

Approximately 15% of the molecular composition of the body.
Are long-chain macromolecules that consist of linear sequence of AMINO ACIDS

A

Proteins

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16
Q

Proteins are long-chain macromolecules consist of a linear sequence of amino acids connected by ____.

A

Peptide bonds

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17
Q

How many amino acids are used in protein synthesis?

A

Twenty-two

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18
Q

____ is very high in protein content.

A

Muscles

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19
Q

Provide structure and support.
Also function as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies

A

Proteins

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20
Q

Molecules that are necessary in small quantities to allow biochemical reaction to continue even though they do not directly enter into the reaction.

A

Enzymes

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21
Q

Molecules that exercise regulatory control over some body functions, such as growth and development .
Produced and secreted by endocrine gland.

A

Hormones

22
Q

Constitute a primary defense mechanism of the body against infection and disease.

A

Antibodies

23
Q

The molecular configuration of an antibody may be precise and designed for attacking a particular type of an invasive or infectious, the ______.

A

Antigen

24
Q

Organic macromolecules composed solely of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

A

Lipids

25
Q

2 types of smaller molecules that compose the lipds

A

Glycerol, fatty acid

26
Q

Present in all tissues of the body and are the structural components of cell membranes.
Often are concentrated just under the skin and serve as a thermal insulator from the environment

A

Lipids

27
Q

Serve as fuel for the body by providing energy stores.

A

Lipids

28
Q

Rarest molecules

A

Nucleic acid

29
Q

Considered to be the most critical and radiosensitive target molecule

A

DNA

30
Q

It is also called saccharides

A

Carbohydrates

31
Q

Its chief function in the body is to provide fuel for cell metabolism

A

Carbohydrates

32
Q

Large and include plant starches and animal glycogen

A

Polysaccharides

33
Q

2 principal nucleic acids that are important to human metabolism

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

34
Q

-located principally in the nucleus of the cell
-Serves as the command or control molecule for cell function.
-Contains all the hereditary information that represents a cl

A

DNA

35
Q

-located principally in the cytoplasm
-also found in the nucleus

A

RNA

36
Q

Two types of RNA

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)

37
Q

Very large and extremely complex macromolecules

A

Nucleic acids

38
Q

-Control center for life.
-consist of two long chanins alternating sugar and phosphate molecules fashioned similarly to the side rails of a ladder with pair of bases as rungs

A

DNA

39
Q

Adenine and guanine are____

A

Purines

40
Q

Thymine and cytosine

A

Pyrimidines

41
Q

Two major structures of the cell are the ___ & ____

A

Nucleus, cytoplasm

42
Q

Most RNA is countained in a rounded structure called

A

Nucleolus

43
Q

It is often attached to the nuclear membrane, a double walled structure that at some locations is connected to the endoplasmic reticulum.

A

Nucleolus

44
Q

Makes up the bulk of the cell and contains great quantities of al molecular components excepts DNA

A

Cytoplasm

45
Q

A channel or a series of channels that allows the nucleus to communicate with cytoplasm

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

46
Q

Large bean shaped structures

A

Mitochondria

47
Q

Small, dot-like structures

A

Ribosomes

48
Q

-Small pea-like sacs
-contain enzymes calable of digesting cellular fragments and sometimes the cell itself
-help to control intracellular contaminants

A

Lysosomes

49
Q

The act of a single cell or group cells to reproduce and multiply in number

A

Cell proliferation

50
Q

Our body consists of two general types of cells which are ___ & ____

A

Somatic cells, genetic cells

51
Q

Somatic cells proliferate or divide, they undergo ___

A

Mitosis

52
Q

Genetic cells undergo

A

Meiosis

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