Human Bio-Cultural Social Evolution Flashcards
Theory
is a specified, coherent, and economical framework of interdependent statements and definitions, constructed to explain and describe as many particular basic facts as possible
What is evolution?
Evolution is a theory, meaning it is widely approved by the scientific community and heavily supported with evidence.
describes when a group of organisms changes over time. This can occur over long periods of time or short periods of time.
Evolution
difference of macroevolution and microevolution
MACROEVOLUTION
- Large-scale changes
- Longer time period
- At/above level of species
- Extended microevolution
- Fossil Evidence
- More controversial
- Eg. Reptiles»_space;> Birds
MICROEVOLUTION
- Small-Scale changes
- Few generations
- Within species/population
- small evolutionary changes
- observable
- experimental evidence
- less controversial
- eg. Bacteria resistance to antibiotics
The first fossil apes or hominoids began to appear in Asia, Africa and Europe. Also known as Golden Age of Hominoids.
Minocene ERA
refers to the changes,
modifications, and variations in the genetics and
inherited traits of biological populations from one
generation to another. based on the theory of evolution
that was introduced by the famous English naturalist and
geologist Charles Darwin (1809-1882). Because of the
result of his studies, he introduced the concept of
evolution to explain the origins of modern humans.
Biological Evolution
Who introduced the theory of evolution?
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
is the revolutionary process leading to the appearance of modern-day humans.
Human Evolution
is used to determine the species of human
beings.
HOMO
is the direct ancestors of homo species
HOMINIDS
The ________ according to (Ember of 2002) one of the most controversial aspects of Darwin’s theory, suggests that one species could evolve into another species. It is one of the earliest members of the primate family hominid, containing humans, their immediate ancestors, and close extinct relatives. Broad-shouldered tailless primates that includes all living and extinct apes and humans,come from latin words homo and homi means HUMAN BEING.
HOMINOIDS
The first definite Hominid, their teeth
share basic hominid characteristic of small canine, flat
and thickly enameled molars and a parabolic dental
arch, and there is ambiguous evidence that even the
earliest australopithecines were bipedal. Bipedal refers to
using two feet in moving
Australopithecine
Australopithecines are divided into 2 groups and what are those?
Gracile Australopithecines
Robust Australopithecines
A group of Australopithecines that has smaller dentition and facial muscles. they lacked bony crests for the attachment of heavy chewing muscles, that’s why they are frugivores (feeds on fruit). shared several traits with modern apes and humans and were widespread throughout Eastern and Southern Africa as early as 4 to as late as 1.2 million years ago. - the earliest evidence of fundamentally bipedal hominids can be observed at the site of Laetoli in Tanzania.
Gracile Australopithecines
________ or Paranthropus, are characterized by several features of the skull that give them a ________ appearance when compared to gracile hominids. they existed in East and Southern Africa between approximately 2.5 and 1.4 million years ago.The most notable of these features are large, thickly enameled, post-canine teeth that were supported by deep and broad mandibular corpora with tall and broad rami. Robust forms adapted to consume heavy and gritty vegetation as they are herbivores.
Robust Australopithecines
have a brain larger compared to the
Australopithecus species which appeared about 2.3
million years ago.
Homo Species
modern humans and was the
first to make stone tools. The ability to make and use tools
is unique quality to humans such that the species is
recognized to be the first true human. The specie names
mean “Handy Man”. Lived about 2.4 to 1.4 million years
ago scavenging for food
Homo Habilis
somehow the same as the
features of Homo Habilis. Many
paleoanthropologists make no distinctions between
the two species. Some say that the difference lies
on their cheek teeth and face. It has a broader
face, larger braincase, and larger molar and
premolar teeth compared to the Homo. Habilis.
Homo Rudolfensis
The species names “Upright Man” with
body proportion similar to that modern humans. Lived 1.89
to 143,000 years ago; adapted to hot climates and most
spread in Africa and Asia. They were the first hunters with
improvised tools such as axes and knives, and were the
first to produce fire.
Homo Erectus
The species name means “Wise Man”
that appeared form 200,000 years ago. The present human
race belongs to this species
Homo Sapiens
Subspecies known as Cro-Magnon is characterized to be anatomically modern humans and lived in the last Ice Age of Europe 40,000 to
10,000 years ago. They were the first to produce art in cave paintings and crafting decorated tools and accessories.
Homo Sapiens Sapiens
What is the Paleolithic Age?
- Old Stone Age
- 2,000,000 BC to 10,000 BC
- People were nomadic
- Lived in clans of 20-30 people
- Men hunted/fished, and women gathered wild fruits/nuts/roots
- People depended entirely on their environment for their survival especially the climate.
Marked the existence of Homo Erectus. Hand ax and other stone tools are created
Lower Paleolithic Period
Homo Sapiens made more efficient tools, allowing them to do anatomical labor
easier such as lifting, holding, and pulling. Specialization of tools was also done by creating flakes of rocks detailing.
Middle Paleolithic Period
