Human Bio Ch 2

Question 1

Name the 12 endocrine glands?

Answer 1

Pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus, adrenal glands, kidneys, pancreas, ovaries, uterus (female) and testes (male).

Question 2

What are the 3 main functions of hormones?

Answer 2

1. activate certain genes
2. change the shape or structure of an enzyme
3. change the rate of production of an enzyme

Question 3

What are steroid proteins?

Answer 3

They are derived from cholesterol and come from lipids. They travel in the blood attached to a protein carrier. They are lipid soluble which means they can move through the cell and nuclear membrane.

Question 4

What are examples of steroid hormones and what is there mode of cell entry?

Answer 4

Oestrogen, testosterone and progesterone (sex hormones)
cortisol and aldosterone (adrenal cortex).
1. hormone moves into cell
2. attaches to intracellular receptor in cytoplasm or nucleus
3. hormone receptor complex joins
4. CYTOPLASM = messages stimulated to activate production of a protein or enzyme
5. NUCLEUS = directly affects DNA for protein production
SLOW RESPONSE

Question 5

What are protein and amine hormones?

Answer 5

Proteins are chains of amino acids and amine are small amino acid molecules. They are water soluble so they cannot gain entry into the cell.

Question 6

What are examples of protein and amine hormones and what is there mode of cell entry?

Answer 6

Protein = insulin, growth hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinising hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin.
Amine = adrenaline and thyroxine
1. receptor protein on the surface of the cell membrane
2. hormone attaches and a hormone receptor complex forms (lock and key)
3. secondary messenger activated (cyclic AMP)
4. cyclic AMP then activates enzymes to control production of protein or enzyme.
RAPID RESPONSE

Question 7

How are hormone secretions controlled in the hypothalamus?

Answer 7

Releasing factors = stimulate the release of a hormone via another hormone
Inhibiting factors = slows down the secretion of a hormone via another hormone
These factors either travel through the blood vessels to the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Or they affect the hormones made in the hypothalamus by passing them along the nerve fibres to the posterior lobe.

Question 8

What 6 hormones are made and released by the anterior lobe?

Answer 8

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinising hormone (LH)
Growth hormone (GH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Prolactin (PRL)

Question 9

What 2 hormones are made in the hypothalamus and released through the posterior lobe via the infundibulum?

Answer 9

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin (OT)

Question 10

What is the target organ and main effect of FSH?

Answer 10

Target organ = testes (males) ovaries (females)
Effect = production of sperm (male) growth of follicles (female)

Question 11

What is the target organ and main effect of LH?

Answer 11

Target organ = testes (males) ovaries (females)
Effect = secretion of testosterone (male) ovulation and maintenance of corpus luteum

Question 12

What is the target organ and main effect of GH?

Answer 12

Target organ = all body cells
Effect = growth and protein synthesis

Question 13

What is the target organ and main effect of TSH?

Answer 13

Target organ = thyroid gland
Effect = secretion of hormones from the thyroid

Question 14

What is the target organ and main effect of ACTH?

Answer 14

Target organ = adrenal cortex
Effect = secretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex

Question 15

What is the target organ and main effect of Prolactin?

Answer 15

Target organ = mammary glands
Effect = milk production

Question 16

What is the target organ and main effect of ADH?

Answer 16

Target organ = kidneys
Effects = reabsorption of water

Question 17

What is the target organ and main effect of Oxytocin?

Answer 17

Target organ = uterus and mammary glands
Effect = contractions of uterus during childbirth and release of milk

Question 18

What hormone does the pineal gland secrete and what is its main role?

Answer 18

Secretes melatonin which is involved in the regulation of sleep patterns. Production of melatonin is stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light.

Question 19

What hormones does the thyroid gland secrete and what do they do?

Answer 19

Thyroxine = effects most body cells and increases metabolic rate through the release of energy
Calcitonin = effects bones and kidneys and decreases calcium and phosphate levels in the blood

Question 20

What hormones does the parathyroid gland secrete and what do they do?

Answer 20

Parathyroid hormone = effects bones and kidneys and increases the levels of calcium in the blood. Does this in 3 ways:
1. bones = increased calcium into the blood
2. intestines = increased calcium absorbed from digested food
3. kidneys = increased calcium reabsorbed into blood from urine.

Question 21

What hormones does the thymus gland secrete and what do they do?

Answer 21

Thymosin = effects t-lymphocytes and development and maturation of the t-lymphocytes

Question 22

What hormones does the adrenal cortex gland secrete and what do they do?

Answer 22

Aldosterone = effects the kidneys and increases the reabsorption of sodium ions and excretion of potassium ions
Cortisol = effects most body cells and promotes normal metabolism, helps deal with stress and repairs damaged tissue

Question 23

What hormones does the adrenal medulla gland secrete and what do they do?

Answer 23

Adrenaline = effects most body tissues and the sympathetic nervous system sends nerve impulses to prepare for fight or flight
Noradrenaline = effects most body tissues and controls the heart and respiratory rate.

Question 24

What hormones does the pancreas secrete and what do they do?

Answer 24

Insulin = effects most body cells, comes from the beta cells and stimulates the uptake of glucose to decreases blood glucose levels.
Glucagon = effects liver and fat storage tissues, comes from alpha cells and stimulates the break down of glycogen and fat to increase blood glucose levels

Question 25

What hormones does the testes secrete and what do they do?

Answer 25

Testosterone = effects many body tissues and stimulates sperm production, growth of skeleton and muscles and development of male sex characteristics

Question 26

What hormones does the ovaries secrete and what do they do?

Answer 26

Oestrogen = effects many body tissues and stimulates development of female sex characteristics and regulates menstrual cycle.
Progesterone = effects the uterus and mammary glands and regulates menstrual cycle and pregnancy and prepares mammary glands for milk secretion (oxytocin)