Human Bio

Question 1

The test for Covid-19 analyses samples for the presence of antibodies in the body. The cells, which produce these antibodies and act to protect the body from foreign invaders, are known as..

Answer 1

Luecocytes - Its role in protecting the body from infections / disease

Question 2

As the bicep muscle contracts, the tricep muscle will relax. These pair of muscles are referred to as..

Answer 2

Antagonist

Question 3

The two sets of convolutions in the nephron allows for..

Answer 3

an increase in surface area for reabsorption and secretion.

Question 4

Which of the following is not an example of an appendicular bone ?

1. Humerus
2. Fibula
3. Vertebrae
4. Pelvis

Answer 4

Vertebrae

Question 5

A typical pair of adult human lungs contains 480 million alveoli. The reason for this high number is to..

Answer 5

Increase surface area for gas exchange.

Question 6

The irregular lines on the skull indicate where different bones join. What is the name given to this type of joint found in the skull ?

Answer 6

Fibrous

Question 7

Identify the structure represented by the number 7 ?

Answer 7

Myofibril

Question 8

Identify the structure represented by the number 6?

Answer 8

A sheath of connective tissue

Question 9

Transport of nutrients and wastes between osteocytes, shown at label D, occur through the..

Answer 9

Canaliculi

Question 10

Complete the word equation for cellular respiration, which uses glucose as its substrate.

Answer 10

Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP

Question 11

Is the glucose equation an example of a catabolic or anabolic reaction? Justify your answer.

Answer 11

Cellular respiration is a catabolic reaction, during which glucose is broken down to release usable energy for a cell.

Question 12

Identify the organ of the digestive system illustrated in the diagram above. Justify your answer.

Answer 12

Small intestine because of the presence of vili

Question 13

Name the cell type identified by label 1 and explain why these cells are lined with microvilli.

Answer 13

Epithelial Cell - higher surface area

Question 14

33. In 2010, a patient at Westmead hospital in New South Wales, Australia, received the incorrect blood during a transfusion resulting in an AB incompatibility reaction.
    (a) Describe how type A and type B blood types differ.

Answer 14

A - Has A Antigens in red blood cell with anti-B Antibodies in the plasma
B - Has B Antigens in red blood cell with anti-A Antibodies in the plasma

Question 15

(b) Describe what occurs to the newly transfused blood during an ABO incompatibility reaction.

Answer 15

In an ABO incompatibility reaction,your immune system attacks the new blood cells and destroys them.

Question 16

(c) ABO incompatibility comes from the reaction between?

Answer 16

ABO incompatibility happens whena mother’s blood type is O, and her baby’s blood type is A or B.

Question 17

The loop of Henle creales an osmotic gradient throughout the nephron, which helps increase the reabsorption of water and ions.

(d) State where in the kidney the loop offlenle is found and describe what would occur when a large volume of water is ingested.

Answer 17

Everywhere, high concentration in stomach low concentration in the body resulting in higher absorption of water into the body system

Question 18

(a) It is often said that a broken bone is better than a tear in cartilage. Discuss why bone heals faster than a tear in cartilage.

Answer 18

After breaking a bone, your body isolates the fracture site so that it’s protected, and floods the area with the nutrients that promote healing and regeneration

due to a lack of blood flow and nutrients cartilages take a longer time to heal

Question 19

(b) State the differences in structure between compact and spongy bone.

Answer 19

Compact Bone - consists of many similar structures called osteons. They are responsible for giving the bone its maximum strength.

Spongy - Cancellous bone, not organised into osteons, instead consists of an irregular arrangement called trabeculae

density, compact bones are more dense and spongy bones are less dense

Question 20

(c) The following diagram illustrates the structure of a knee joint.

(i) State the name given to this type of joint in the body.

Answer 20

Hinge Joints

Question 21

(ii) Briefly describe how the structures labelled B and D prevent injury to these types of joints.

Answer 21

D - synovial Fluid: lubricates joint

B - Cartilage: prevents bone on bone contact

Question 22

(iii) Complete the table below to identify the specific type of joint illustrated provide one location for each.

Answer 22

Saddle - Thumb joins palm

Hinge - knee

Question 23

40. Asthma is a chronic (long-term) condition that affects the airways. Inflammation of the airways, along with excess mucus production, results in the narrowing of the bronchioles and increased difficulty to exhale.

Outline the process of exhalation and explain how asthma affects gas exchange.

Answer 23

Diaphragm moves up intercostal muscles contract which creates high pressure system in lungs lower pressure system in the atmosphere

Air moves from high pressure system to low pressure system which therefore causes exhalation

Asthma affects breathing as constriction of bronchitis and bronchioles causes involuntary muscle spasm, creates excessive mucus that lines the airway and impair the amount of oxygen absorbed into the body