Human Anatomy Test 2 Flashcards
Synarthrosis
No movement
Fibrous
Suture
Gomphosis
Cartilaginous
Synchondrosis
Amphiarthrosis
Little movement
fibrous
syndesmosis
cartilaginous
symphysis
Diarthrosis
Free movement
synovial
monaxial
biaxial
triaxial
Linear motion
sliding or gliding
Angular motion
angle of bones change with respect to each other
Rotation
One bone can rotate against or within another
Linear motion occurs at
Plane-type joints
-intertarsal
-intercarpal
-acromioclavicular
Angular motion types
flexion
extension
lateral flexion
Rotational motion types
left, right
medial, lateral
supination, pronation
Between bodies of vertebrae
cartilaginous joints
(symphysis)
MovementBetween articular processes
Gliding
(Synovial)
Muscles in the shoulder that traverse ball and socket joint
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres Minor
Subscapularis
Dislocations
-acromioclavicular
-glenohumeral
Sprain
overstretching or tearing of ligaments/ joints
Arthiritis
inflammation of joint
Osteoarthiritis
inflammation of a joint resulting from breakdown of articular cartilage
Rheumatoid arthritis
Inflammation of joint due to attack on synovial components by immune system
Excitability
reactive to stimuli from nervous system or environment, generate electrical and mechanical response
Contractility
cells actively shorten upon simulation, generates tension
Extensibility
Cells can lengthen when pulled
Elasticity
Tendency to rebound to some resting length after contraction or extension
Skeletal muscle
mutinucleate cells; striated
Voluntary movement
Smooth Muscle
central nuclei; no striations
propels substances; involuntary control; walls of hollow organs
Cardiac Muscle
single central nucleus;
visible striations;
involuntary
Functions of skeletal muscle
Movement
posture
bosy position
support soft tissue
guard entrances and exits
maintain body temperature
store glucose and amino acids
Myofibril
cylindrical bundle of myofilaments
Thin myofilaments have _____
actin, tropomyosin, troponin and Z-line
Thick myofilaments have _______
Myosin and M-line
Skeletal muscle cells vary in
size, speed, amount of force and endurance
Type 1 fibers
slow, oxidative, aerobic metabolism, low force generation
Type 2B fibers
fast, glycolytic, big, anaerobic metabolism, high force generation
Type 2A fibers
fast, oxidative, fatigue resistant, medium force generation
Pennate
fibers attached to tendon at oblique angle, like a feather
cardiac muscle is _____
electrically interconnected with one another
Intercalated discs contain
ion channels (gap junctions)
Ion channels let ____
electrical activity to spread easily from one cell to another (heartbeat)
In smooth muscle, cells are arranged in ____
sheets
Structural characteristics of smooth muscle are _____
actin and myosin are not arranged in sarcomeres or myofibrils; actin is attached to dense bodies scattered throughout the cell
Functional characteristics of smooth muscle
contraction causes shortening and twisting
contraction slow, smooth, sustained and resistant to fatigue
contraction is involuntarily controlled
Agonist
muscle that contracts during movement
Synergist
assists agonist in generating movement force
Antagonist
relaxes during joint movement
