Human Anatomy Final Exam Flashcards
HHP- Juday's Human Anatomy
How to find Max HR?
220-Age
How many gallons of blood in the body?
6 gallons of blood
What is the average Heart Rate?
70 b/min
Where is the heart positioned?
Slightly to the left, behind the sternum
How big is a human heart?
Little larger than a fist, weighs less than a pound
What are the four chamber of the heart?
Right Atria
Left Atria
Right Ventricle
Left Ventricle
Pulmonary vs Systemic
Right side= Pulmonary
Left side= Systemic
What do the valves do?
Prevents backflow (one way only), maintains pressure
Sinoatrial (SA) nodes- Pacemaker
An action that goes throughout the atria in the intercalated disc
Atrioventricular (AV) node
Empty the blood from the ventricles
Purkinje Fibers
Ventricle to contract
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Records electrical changes
PQRST waves
P- Atrial Depolarization (SA nodes)
QRS= Onset of ventricular depolarization
T= Ventricular repolarization
What is the regular blood pressure?
120/80 (men) 110/70 (women)
What is the Cardiac Cycle
-Systole- contraction (top number)
-Ventricle filling the time between
-Diastole- relaxation (bottom number)
What is the first heart sound ?
1st Sound (lubb)- closing of the atrioventricular valve
What is the second heart sound?
2nd sound (dupp)- closing of the semilunar valves
What is Cardiac Output
Q= SV (stroke volume) X HR (heart rate)
-The amount of blood that is pumped during a period of time
What are the functions of the muscle tissue?
-Movement
-Stabilization
-Storing and moving substances
-Heat
Electrical excitability
a voltage stimulation trigger a contraction response
Contract
Shortening
Extensibility
ability to stretch or lengthen
Elasticity
ability to return to normal shape after being stretched
Cardiac Muscle
Heart muscle cells
Cardiac Muscle Properties
Straited, Rhythmic, Involuntary, Interlocked, and Highly vascularized
Smooth Muscle
internal organ cell (digestive)
Smooth Muscle Properties
Visceral, non-straited, most involuntary, and contractions
Skeletal Muscle
functions to move an organism’s body.
Skeletal Muscle Properties
Straited, Multi-nucleated, Nuclei, Myofibrils, Sarcolemma, Fascia
Isotonic
A contraction with joint movement
Isometric
A contraction with no joint movement
Types of muscle fibers
Type I (red) slow twitch
White fast twitch (llb)
Intermediate (lla)
Type I (red) slow twitch
Dark, long acting, slow contracting, oxygen rich, generates ATP, and many mitochondria.
White fast twitch (llb)
Large, pale, anaerobic, slow acting/fast contracting, and few mitochondria
Intermediate (lla)
Slow, large amount of myoglobin/many capillaries/dark red, many mitochondria, and Use ATP fast.
Where are the fiber types located?
Neck- Slow twitch
Shoulder- fast twitch
Legs- Mixture of slow, fast and intermediate.
Epimysium
An outer sheath surrounding the entire muscle
Perimysium
A sheath surrounding a bundle of muscle fibers
Endomysium
A sheath surrounding each single muscle fiber
Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
Encircles the myofibril
Motor Unit
The motor neuron and all the muscles fibers it innervates
What is a slide filament?
The mechanism of the muscle contractions where the protein filaments slide to generate the shorten/movement.
Myosin
A thick filament that it head attaches to actin (thin/twisted filament) and pulls the sarcomere together
Troponin
What calcium binds to move the tropomyosin
Tropomyosin
Covers the myosin
What systems are apart of the Muscular System?
Respiratory System and Cardiovascular System
Respiratiory System
Oxygen is needed for the muscles to work
Cardiovascular System
Heart pumps the blood with nutrients and oxygen
What percent of the bodies weight is muscle?
More than 40%
What muscle remains contacted the longest?
The cardiac muscle
What percent of muscle contracted does it shorten the normal length?
About 70%
Muscle Bellies
Main portion between tendons (contraction)
Tendon
At the end of muscle, attach to the bone
Fascia
Encloses and separates muscle from skin
Are muscle covered by fascia?
True
Muscle Fibers
Long Cylinder cell
Motor Neuron
Extended from spinal cord, sends message to have muscle contract.
-Single neuron innervates many fibers
-Small (20-30 fibers)
-Large (700 fibers)
Motor Endplates
Neurons send impulse across motor endplates, find the neuron at the center of each muscle fiber
Origin
Where the tendon of the muscle starts. The attachment of the muscle tendon to the stationary bone
Insertion
Where the tendon of a muscle ends. The attachment of the muscle other tendon to the moveable bone
Agonist
The muscle shortening or contracting
Antagonist
The muscle that is lengthening
Synergist
(assisting) muscles that help in the contraction
Stabilizers
(at the proximal position) anchors the joint
DOMS
Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness
Benefits of stretching
- Improve physical performance
- Decrease risk of injury
- Reduces muscle soreness
- Improved posture-
Do muscles work as levers?
True
1st lever
Teeter Totter (head movements)
2nd lever
Wheelbarrow (calf raise)
3rd Lever
Fishing pole (arm curl)
Hypertrophy
Increase size of muscle fiber
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of fibers
Atrophy
Decrease in size of muscle fiber
Parallel
Long with parallel fiber
Triangular
Shape, fibers come together at insertion
Unipennate
Fibers along one side of tendon
Multipennate
Short fibers
Sphincteral
Circular, parallel fibers
