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Human Anatomy > Human Anatomy Exam > Flashcards

Human Anatomy Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Know the difference in Gross Anatomy and Microscopic Anatomy

A

Gross anatomy is when you observe thing without a microscope

Microscopic anatomy is something you have to observe with a microscope

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2
Q

Gross Anatomy

A

Region
Surface
Systemic

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3
Q

Regional

A

study of all body structures in a given body region

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4
Q

Systemic

A

study of all structures in a body system

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5
Q

Surface

A

Study of all internal body structures as they relate to the overlying skin.

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6
Q

Microscopic Anatomy

A

Cytology

Histology

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7
Q

Cytology

A

Study of cells

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8
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissue

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9
Q

Complementarity

A

function is dependent on structure and the form of a structure relates to its function

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10
Q

levels of structural organization of living things.

A 
Atom
Molecule
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
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11
Q

Homeostasis

A

ability of the body to maintain a relatively constant internal environment, regardless of environmental changes.

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12
Q

Control Mechanism

A

Variable
Receptor
Control center
Effector

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13
Q

Variable

A

Something in the environment that changes

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14
Q

Receptor

A

Structure sensitive to a particular environmental change

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15
Q

Control center

A

Integration center that receives and processes the information coming from the receptor.

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16
Q

Effector

A

structure in the body that responds to the stimulus

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17
Q

anatomical position.

A
  • Specific body position in which an individual stands upright with the feet parallel and flat on the floor.
  • The head is level, and the eyes look forward toward the observer
  • The arms are at either side of the body with the palms facing forward and the thumbs pointing away from the body.
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18
Q

Body planes

A

Frontal( front and back)
Dorsal
Transverse (upper and lower)

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19
Q

Anterior

A

in front of, toward the front surface

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20
Q

Posterior

A

I’m back of, toward the back surface

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21
Q

Ventral

A

At the belly side of the human body

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22
Q

Superior

A

Towards the head or above

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23
Q

Inferior

A

Toward the feed not head

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24
Q

Caudal

A

At the rear or tail end

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25
Q

Cranial

A

At the head end

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26
Q

Medial

A

Toward the midline of the body

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27
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline of the body

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28
Q

Deep

A

On the inside underneath another structure

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29
Q

Superficial

A

On the outside

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30
Q

Superficial

A

On the outside

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31
Q

Proximal

A

Closet to point of attachment

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32
Q

Distal

A

Furthest from point of attachment

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33
Q

Parietal layer

A

lines the internal surface of the body wall

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34
Q

Visceral Layer

A

covers the external surface of the organs within the cavity

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35
Q

Potential energy

A

stored energy, energy of position, chemical potential energy

36
Q

Kinetic energy-

A

energy associated with movement ( example: Cheetah)

37
Q

proton

A

Positive found in the nucleus

38
Q

Neutrons

A

Neutral found in the nucleus

39
Q

Electrons

A

Negative found on electron cloud

40
Q

Carbon

A

Atomic number:6

Mass number: 14
Number of protons: 6
number of neutrons: 8
Number of electrons: 6

41
Q

Hydrogen

A 
atomic number: 1  
Mass number: 3  
Number of protons: 1  
Number of protons: 1   
Number of neutrons: 2  
Number of electrons:1
42
Q

Chlorine

A 
atomic number: 17  
Mass number: 35    
Number of protons: 17
 Number of neutrons: 18   
Number of electrons:17
43
Q

Potassium

A 
atomic number: 19    
Mass number: 39  
Number of protons: 19    
Number of neutrons: 20      
Number of electrons: 19
44
Q

Ionic Bond

A

held together by attraction of opposite charges of ions. ( Ions are charged atoms due to unbalanced proton and electron number) Example: Na+Cl-

45
Q

Covalent Bonds

A

electrons are shared between atoms.

Examples: H2, O2, H20

46
Q

What makes some covalent bonds polar covalent?

A

polar covalent bond occurs when atoms are shared unequally in a covalent bond. Specifically, when the difference in electronegativities of the two atoms in the bond is between 0.4 and 1.7.

47
Q

What are hydrogen bonds?

A

weak bonds between partially positive hydrogen atoms from one molecule and partially negative atoms from another molecule

48
Q

Synthesis reaction

A

(A+B AB)
Anabolic- builds bonds
uses energy= Endergonic

reactions that occur when two different atoms or molecules interact to form a different molecule or compound.

49
Q

Decomposition Reactions

A

(AB A+B)
Catabolic- bonds are broken
Releases Energy= Exergonic

processes in which chemical species break up into simpler parts.

50
Q

Endergonic

A

one that requires free energy to proceed.

51
Q

Exergonic

A

release the energy bound up in the reactants and yield simpler, low energy products.

52
Q

What things can influence reactions - how do they influence?

A

Temperature, particle size, concentration of reactant

An increase in temperature typically increases the rate of reaction.

Smaller particle size results in an increase in the rate of reaction because the surface area of the reactant has been increased.

higher concentration of a reactant will lead to more collisions of that reactant in a specific time period.

53
Q

Parts of a solution

A

Solvent and solute

54
Q

Solvent

A

The component of a solution which dissolves the other component in itself

55
Q

Solute

A

A substance that is dissolved in a solution

56
Q

Acids

A

Hydrogen Donor

The more Hydrogen, the more acidic the solution pH 0-6.99

57
Q

Bases

A

hydrogen acceptor
more OH- ions in solution the greater the OH- concentration the more basic or alkaline the solution
pH 7.01-14

58
Q

has a ph of 7.35-7.45

A

Blood

59
Q

types of organic molecules. What is the monomer for each? What is the function? What are examples?

A

Carbohydrates- Examples: sugars, starches
function: Major source of cellular fuel
3 classes: monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides
Monomer= Monosaccharides

lipids
examples: fats, phospholipids, steroids
function: protection, form membranes
Monomer= fatty acids

proteins
examples: meat, nuts, beans, cheese
Function: make keratin, elastin, collagen, antibodies, hormones, enzymes
Monomer: Amino acids

Nucleic Acids
examples: DNA, RNA
Function: Genetic Material, Protein Synthesis
Monomer: Nucleotides

Polysaccharide

example: glycogen
function: storage compound for glucose
monomer: monosaccharide

60
Q

What element is common to all organic molecules and facilitates the molecular structure of these molecules?

A

Carbon

61
Q

Passive Processes

A

ATP not required
Diffusion
facilitated diffusion
Osmosis

62
Q

Diffusion

A

moving from area of high concentration to lower ( No energy required)

63
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

molecules move through protein channels ( no energy required)

64
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

65
Q

Active processes

A

Uses ATP to move solutes across the plasma membrane

Active Transpor

Vesicular Transport

66
Q

Active Transport

A

solutes are moved against a concentration gradient

67
Q

Vesicular Transport

A

transport of large particle, macromolecules, and fluid across the plasma membrane

68
Q

exocytosis

A

cell releases large amounts of material

69
Q

endocytosis

A

cell takes material into cell enfolding of the cell membrane

70
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cell eating

71
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Cell drinking

72
Q

Cilia

A

moves substances across the cell surface, short and many in number

73
Q

Flagella

A

longer than cilia- propel whole cells, long and few

74
Q

Isotonic

A

concentration of solutes (salts) is the same inside and outside of cell
water flows in and out in equal amounts
no effect on cell

75
Q

Hypertonic

A

concentration of solutes is more outside the cell than inside
water flows out of cell
the cell shrivels and may die

76
Q

hypotonic

A

concentration of solutes is less outside the cell than in
water flows in
the cell swells with water and becomes turgid

77
Q

Where do each of the processes of cellular respiration take place in the cell?

A

Cytoplasm

78
Q

Glycolysis

A

In: Glucose and 2 ATP
Out: 2 Net ATP and 2 Pyruvate

79
Q

Citric Acid Cycle

A

In: Acetyl CoA and oxygen
Out: 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 4 Co2, and 2 ATP

80
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A

In: NADH, FADH2, and oxygen
Out: 32 ATP and water

81
Q

How much ATP is produced in each process per glucose molecule.

A

2

82
Q

• In the Electron Transport Chain, name the electron carriers that donate electrons to the chain.

A

NADH

- FADH2

83
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in the ETC?

A

Oxygen

84
Q

role of hydrogen ions (protons) in the ETC.

A

are allowed to flow downhill through an enzyme in the membrane called ATP synthase, like a water wheel spinning; as the ions pass, energy is used to transfer phosphate onto ADP to make ATP.

85
Q

Name the channel protein (enzyme) that allows hydrogen ions (protons) to flow back to the inner space of the mitochondrion.

A

Atp synthase

86
Q

How does Atp store energy

A

Phosphate bond
When 3rd phosphate adds ADP
The third phosphate group breaks ofd

Human Anatomy (1 decks)

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