Human Anatomy Exam Flashcards
Know the difference in Gross Anatomy and Microscopic Anatomy
Gross anatomy is when you observe thing without a microscope
Microscopic anatomy is something you have to observe with a microscope
Gross Anatomy
Region
Surface
Systemic
Regional
study of all body structures in a given body region
Systemic
study of all structures in a body system
Surface
Study of all internal body structures as they relate to the overlying skin.
Microscopic Anatomy
Cytology
Histology
Cytology
Study of cells
Histology
Study of tissue
Complementarity
function is dependent on structure and the form of a structure relates to its function
levels of structural organization of living things.
Atom Molecule Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism
Homeostasis
ability of the body to maintain a relatively constant internal environment, regardless of environmental changes.
Control Mechanism
Variable
Receptor
Control center
Effector
Variable
Something in the environment that changes
Receptor
Structure sensitive to a particular environmental change
Control center
Integration center that receives and processes the information coming from the receptor.
Effector
structure in the body that responds to the stimulus
anatomical position.
- Specific body position in which an individual stands upright with the feet parallel and flat on the floor.
- The head is level, and the eyes look forward toward the observer
- The arms are at either side of the body with the palms facing forward and the thumbs pointing away from the body.
Body planes
Frontal( front and back)
Dorsal
Transverse (upper and lower)
Anterior
in front of, toward the front surface
Posterior
I’m back of, toward the back surface
Ventral
At the belly side of the human body
Superior
Towards the head or above
Inferior
Toward the feed not head
Caudal
At the rear or tail end
Cranial
At the head end
Medial
Toward the midline of the body
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body
Deep
On the inside underneath another structure
Superficial
On the outside
Superficial
On the outside
Proximal
Closet to point of attachment
Distal
Furthest from point of attachment
Parietal layer
lines the internal surface of the body wall
Visceral Layer
covers the external surface of the organs within the cavity
Potential energy
stored energy, energy of position, chemical potential energy
Kinetic energy-
energy associated with movement ( example: Cheetah)
proton
Positive found in the nucleus
Neutrons
Neutral found in the nucleus
Electrons
Negative found on electron cloud
Carbon
Atomic number:6
Mass number: 14
Number of protons: 6
number of neutrons: 8
Number of electrons: 6
Hydrogen
atomic number: 1 Mass number: 3 Number of protons: 1 Number of protons: 1 Number of neutrons: 2 Number of electrons:1
Chlorine
atomic number: 17 Mass number: 35 Number of protons: 17 Number of neutrons: 18 Number of electrons:17
Potassium
atomic number: 19 Mass number: 39 Number of protons: 19 Number of neutrons: 20 Number of electrons: 19
Ionic Bond
held together by attraction of opposite charges of ions. ( Ions are charged atoms due to unbalanced proton and electron number) Example: Na+Cl-
Covalent Bonds
electrons are shared between atoms.
Examples: H2, O2, H20
What makes some covalent bonds polar covalent?
polar covalent bond occurs when atoms are shared unequally in a covalent bond. Specifically, when the difference in electronegativities of the two atoms in the bond is between 0.4 and 1.7.
What are hydrogen bonds?
weak bonds between partially positive hydrogen atoms from one molecule and partially negative atoms from another molecule
Synthesis reaction
(A+B AB)
Anabolic- builds bonds
uses energy= Endergonic
reactions that occur when two different atoms or molecules interact to form a different molecule or compound.
Decomposition Reactions
(AB A+B)
Catabolic- bonds are broken
Releases Energy= Exergonic
processes in which chemical species break up into simpler parts.
Endergonic
one that requires free energy to proceed.
Exergonic
release the energy bound up in the reactants and yield simpler, low energy products.
What things can influence reactions - how do they influence?
Temperature, particle size, concentration of reactant
An increase in temperature typically increases the rate of reaction.
Smaller particle size results in an increase in the rate of reaction because the surface area of the reactant has been increased.
higher concentration of a reactant will lead to more collisions of that reactant in a specific time period.
Parts of a solution
Solvent and solute
Solvent
The component of a solution which dissolves the other component in itself
Solute
A substance that is dissolved in a solution
Acids
Hydrogen Donor
The more Hydrogen, the more acidic the solution pH 0-6.99
Bases
hydrogen acceptor
more OH- ions in solution the greater the OH- concentration the more basic or alkaline the solution
pH 7.01-14
has a ph of 7.35-7.45
Blood
types of organic molecules. What is the monomer for each? What is the function? What are examples?
Carbohydrates- Examples: sugars, starches
function: Major source of cellular fuel
3 classes: monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides
Monomer= Monosaccharides
lipids
examples: fats, phospholipids, steroids
function: protection, form membranes
Monomer= fatty acids
proteins
examples: meat, nuts, beans, cheese
Function: make keratin, elastin, collagen, antibodies, hormones, enzymes
Monomer: Amino acids
Nucleic Acids
examples: DNA, RNA
Function: Genetic Material, Protein Synthesis
Monomer: Nucleotides
Polysaccharide
example: glycogen
function: storage compound for glucose
monomer: monosaccharide
What element is common to all organic molecules and facilitates the molecular structure of these molecules?
Carbon
Passive Processes
ATP not required
Diffusion
facilitated diffusion
Osmosis
Diffusion
moving from area of high concentration to lower ( No energy required)
Facilitated diffusion
molecules move through protein channels ( no energy required)
osmosis
diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Active processes
Uses ATP to move solutes across the plasma membrane
Active Transpor
Vesicular Transport
Active Transport
solutes are moved against a concentration gradient
Vesicular Transport
transport of large particle, macromolecules, and fluid across the plasma membrane
exocytosis
cell releases large amounts of material
endocytosis
cell takes material into cell enfolding of the cell membrane
Phagocytosis
Cell eating
Pinocytosis
Cell drinking
Cilia
moves substances across the cell surface, short and many in number
Flagella
longer than cilia- propel whole cells, long and few
Isotonic
concentration of solutes (salts) is the same inside and outside of cell
water flows in and out in equal amounts
no effect on cell
Hypertonic
concentration of solutes is more outside the cell than inside
water flows out of cell
the cell shrivels and may die
hypotonic
concentration of solutes is less outside the cell than in
water flows in
the cell swells with water and becomes turgid
Where do each of the processes of cellular respiration take place in the cell?
Cytoplasm
Glycolysis
In: Glucose and 2 ATP
Out: 2 Net ATP and 2 Pyruvate
Citric Acid Cycle
In: Acetyl CoA and oxygen
Out: 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 4 Co2, and 2 ATP
Electron Transport Chain
In: NADH, FADH2, and oxygen
Out: 32 ATP and water
How much ATP is produced in each process per glucose molecule.
2
• In the Electron Transport Chain, name the electron carriers that donate electrons to the chain.
NADH
- FADH2
What is the final electron acceptor in the ETC?
Oxygen
role of hydrogen ions (protons) in the ETC.
are allowed to flow downhill through an enzyme in the membrane called ATP synthase, like a water wheel spinning; as the ions pass, energy is used to transfer phosphate onto ADP to make ATP.
Name the channel protein (enzyme) that allows hydrogen ions (protons) to flow back to the inner space of the mitochondrion.
Atp synthase
How does Atp store energy
Phosphate bond
When 3rd phosphate adds ADP
The third phosphate group breaks ofd
