Human Anatomy ang Physiology with Pathophysiology Flashcards
to dissect or cut apart, and separate the parts of the body
anatomy
a scientific discipline that investigates the structure of the body
anatomy
the relationship between the structure of a body part and its function
anatomy
what are the different levels to study anatomy?
developmental anatomy
systematic anatomy
regional anatomy
surface anatomy
anatomical imaging
involves the use of X-rays, ultrasounds, MRI, and other technologies to create pictures of internal structure.
anatomical imaging
allows medical personnel to look inside the body with amazing accuracy and without the trauma and risk of exploratory surgery.
anatomical imaging
involves looking at the exterior of the body to visualize structures deeper inside the body.
surface anatomy
major goals for studying physiology
- to understand and predict the body’s responses to stimuli
- predicts the body’s response to stimuli and understand how the body maintains conditions within a narrow range of values in a constantly changing environment
what are the characteristics of life
responsiveness
metabolism
organization
growth
development
differential
reproduction
medical science dealing with all aspects of disease, with an emphasis to the cause and development of abnormal conditions as well as the structural and functional changes from disease.
pathophysiology
it examines the processes occurring in cell such as energy production from food
cell physiology
considers the function of an organ system
systemic physiology
a study of how the body and its part work or function
physiology
a scientific discipline that deals with the processes of function of living things
physiology
what are the levels to study physiology?
cell physiology
systemic physiologyh
the changes of an organism undergoes through time, beginning the fertilization and ending at death.
development
it is the changes in the structure and function from an immature generalized state to a mature specialized state.
differentiation
the formation of new cells or new organisms
reproduction
it refers to the specific relationship of the many individual parts of an organism, from cell organelles to organs, interacting and working together
organization
the ability to use energy to perform vital function such as growth, movement, and reproduction.
metabolism
the ability of an organism to sense changes in the environment and make adjustments to help maintain its life.
responsiveness
it refers to an increase in size of all or part of the organism; can result from an increase in cell size, or the amount of substance surrounding cells.
growth
it is a dynamic state of equilibrium
homeostasis
it means “the same”
homeo
it means “stop; stand still”
stasis
the existence of maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body despite fluctuations in either the external and internal environment
homeostasis
a disruption of homeostasis in the body which can be caused by environmental factors, genetics, lifestyles, toxins and many other factors.
homeostatic imbalance
what are the two feedback control mechanism
positive feedback mechanism
negative feedback mechanism
a set point - ideal value for a physiological parameter
homeostatic imbalance
conditions that change as temperature, volume and chemical content
variable
what are the two basic principles about homeostatic mechanism
- Many disease states result from the failure of negative feedback mechanisms to maintain homeostasis
- Some positive feedback mechanisms can be detrimental instead of helpful.
it monitors the value of variable by detecting stimuli
receptor
it determines the set point for the variable and receives input from the receptor about the variable
control center
it can change the value of the variable when directed by the control center
effector
what are the 3 important components of negative feedback mechanism
receptor
control center
effector
it is more common and helps the body maintain homeostasis
negative feedback mechanism
it is when a deviation from the set point is made smaller or resisted
negative feedback mechanism
it occurs when the initial stimulus further stimulates the response
positive feedback mechanism
the body is studied by region
regional anatomy
it involves looking at the exterior of the body to visualize structures deeper inside the body
surface anatomy
what are the 11 organ system in the body?
integumentary
nervous
skeletal
muscular
endocrine
lymphatic
cardiovascular
respiratory
digestive
urinary
reproductive
a study of tissues
histology
it is the subspecialty od developmental anatomy, consider changes from conception to adulthood.
embryology
it studies the structural features of the cell
cytology
it studies the structure that can be examined without the aid of microscope
gross anatomy
it is the structural changes that occur between conception and adulthood
developmental anatomy
the body is studied by system
systematic anatomy
name the structural organization of the body
chemical
cellular
tissue
organ
organ system
organism
atoms combine to form molecule
chemical
molecules forms organelles
cell
similar cells and surrounding materials make up tissues
tissue
different tissues combine to form organs
organs
organs make up an organs system
organ system
organs make up an organism
organism
can be viewed from the posterior view of the body. It is divided into 2 portions.
dorsal cavity
located in the upper portion of the body, contains the brain.
cranial cavity
located in the lower portion of the body, contains the spinal cord.
vertebral cavity
it contains the urinary bladder, the rest of the large intestine (the lower portion), and the internal reproductive organs
pelvic cavity
it contains the stomach, liver, pancreas, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, small intestine, and most of the large intestine.
abdominal cavity
located in the anterior- chest area, contains the heart, lungs, trachea, esophagus, large blood vessels, and nerves. It is bound laterally by the ribs
Thoracic cavity
can be viewed from the anterior view of the body. It is divided into 2 portions
ventral cavity
are spaces that contain the internal organs.
body cavities
what are the two main body cavities
ventral and dorsal cavity
