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TEAS > Human Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Human Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

The cell is the _____ ______________ ____ of all living things

A

Basic organizational unit

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2
Q

Each piece withing a cell has a function that helps organisms ____ and _______

A

Grow and survive

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3
Q

There are many different types of cells, but cells are ______ to each type of organism

A

Unique

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4
Q

The one thing that all cells have in common is a ________

A

Membrane

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5
Q

What is a membrane comparable to?

A

A semi-permeable plastic bag

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6
Q

What is the membrane composed of?

A

Phospholipids

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7
Q

Proteins that help certain molecules and ions move in and out of the cell

A

Transport holes

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8
Q

Where are transport holes found?

A

Membrane

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9
Q

The cell is filled with a fluid called _________ or _______

A

Cytoplasm or cytosol

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10
Q

Within the cell there are a variety of __________

A

Organelles

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11
Q

Groups of complex molecules that help a cell survive, each with its own unique membrane that has a different chemical makeup from the cell membrane

A

Organelles

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12
Q

The larger the cell, the more __________ it will need to live

A

Organelles

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13
Q

All organisms, whether plants, animals, fungi, protists, or bacteria, exhibit structural organization on the ________ and ________ level

A

Cellular and organism

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14
Q

All cells contain ___ and ___ and can synthesize proteins

A

DNA and RNA

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15
Q

_____ are the basic structural units of all organisms

A

Cells

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16
Q

All organisms have a highly organized ________ structure

A

Cellular

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17
Q

Each cell consists of:

A

Nucleic acids, cytoplasm, and a cell membrane

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18
Q

Specialized organelles such as ____________ and ____________ have specific functions within the cell

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

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19
Q

In single-celled organisms, that single cell contains all of the components necessary for ____

A

Life

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20
Q

In multicellular organisms, cells can become __________

A

Specialized

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21
Q

Different types of cells can have different _________

A

Functions

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22
Q

Life begins begins as a single cell whether by _______ or ______ ____________

A

Asexual or sexual reproduction

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23
Q

What are cells grouped together in?

A

Tissues

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24
Q

What are tissues grouped together in?

A

Organs

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25
Q

What are organs grouped together in?

A

Systems

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26
Q

An ________ is a complete individual

A

Organism

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27
Q

This is a small structure that contains the chromosomes and regulated the DNA of a cell

A

Nucleus

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28
Q

The defining structure of eukaryotic cells, and all eukaryotic cells have this

A

Nucleus

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29
Q

Responsible for the passing on of genetic traits between generations

A

Nucleus

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30
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A
  • Nuclear envelope
  • Nucleoplasm
  • Nucleolus
  • Nuclear pores
  • Chromatin
  • Ribosomes
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31
Q

These are highly condensed, threadlike rods of DNA

A

Chromosomes

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32
Q

What is DNA short for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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33
Q

Genetic material that stores information about the plant or animal

A

DNA

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34
Q

This consists of the DNA and protein that make up chromosomes

A

Chromatin

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35
Q

This structure contained within the nucleus consists of protein

A

Nucleolus

36
Q

Small, round, does not have a membrane, is involved in protein synthesis, and synthesizes and stores RNA

A

Nucleolus

37
Q

What is RNA short for?

A

Ribonucleic acid

38
Q

This encloses the structures of the nucleus. Consists of inner and outer membranes

A

Nuclear envelope

39
Q

What are the inner and outer membranes of the nuclear envelope made of?

A

Lipids

40
Q

These are involved in the exchange of material between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

A

Nuclear pores

41
Q

This is the liquid within the nucleus, and is similar to cytoplasm

A

Nucleoplasm

42
Q

The cell membrane is also referred to as

A

The plasma membrane

43
Q

Thin semipermeable membrane of lipids and proteins

A

The cell membrane/plasma membrane

44
Q

Isolates the cell from its external environment while still enabling the cell to communicate with that outside environment

A

Cell membrane/plasma membrane

45
Q

What does the cell membrane consist of?

A

It consists of a phospholipid bilayer, or double layer, with the hydrophilic ends of the outer layer facing the external environment, the inner layer facing the inside of the cell, and the hydrophobic ends facing each other

46
Q

Know cell membrane picture on page 70

A

Know cell membrane picture on page 70

47
Q

The cell membrane, or plasma membrane, has _________ ____________

A

Selective permeability

48
Q

The cell membrane, or plasma membrane, has selective permeability with regard to:

A

Size, charge, and solubility

49
Q

With regard to molecule size, the cell membrane allows only small molecules to _______ through it

A

Diffuse

50
Q

______ and _____ molecules are small and typically can pass through the cell membrane

A

Oxygen and water

51
Q

The charge of the ____ on the cell’s surface also either attracts or repels ____

A

Ions

Ions

52
Q

Ions with like charges are ________

A

Repelled

53
Q

Ions with opposite charges are _________ to the cell’s surface

A

Attracted

54
Q

Molecules that are soluble in _____________ can usually pass through the cell membrane

A

Phospholipids

55
Q

Many molecules are not able to diffuse the cell membrane, and, if needed, those molecules must be moved through by ______ _________ and ________

A

Active transport and vesicles

56
Q

Involved in synthesizing proteins from amino acids

A

Ribosomes

57
Q

They are numerous, making up about one quarter of the cell

- Some cells contain thousands

A

Ribosomes

58
Q

Some are mobile and some are embedded in the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Ribosomes

59
Q

This is involved in synthesizing materials such as proteins that are transported out of the cell

A

Golgi complex

60
Q

It is located near the nucleus and consists of layers of membranes

A

Golgi complex

61
Q

Sacs used for storage, digestion, and waste removal

A

Vacuoles

62
Q

There is one large _______ in plant cells. Animal cells have small, sometimes numerous ________

A

Vacuole

Vacuoles

63
Q

Consists o f microtubules that help shape and support the cell

A

Cytoskeleton

64
Q

Part of the cytoskeleton and help support the cell. They are made of protein

A

Microtubules

65
Q

The liquid material in the cell. It is mostly water, but also contains some floating molecules

A

Cytosol

66
Q

General term that refers to cytosol and the substructures (organelles) found within the plasma membrane, but not within the nucleus

A

Cytoplasm

67
Q

Defines the cell by acting as a barrier. It helps keep cytoplasm in and substances located outside the cell out. It also determines what is allowed to enter and exit the cell

A

Cell membrane (plasma membrane)

68
Q

What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Rough and smooth

69
Q

Has ribosomes on the surface

A

Rough ER

70
Q

Does not have ribosomes on the surface

A

Smooth ER

71
Q

A tubular network that comprises the transport system of the cell. It is fused to the nuclear membrane and extends through the cytoplasm to the cell membrane

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

72
Q

These cell structures vary in terms of size and quantity. Some cells make have one, while others have thousands. This structure performs various functions such as generating ATP, and is also involved in cell growth and death. They contain their own DNA that is separate from that contained in the nucleus

A

Mitochondrion (pl mitochondria)

73
Q

What are four functions of the mitochondria?

A
  1. The production of cell energy
  2. Cell signaling (how communications are carried out within a cell)
  3. Cellular differentiation (the process whereby a non-differentiated cell becomes transformed into a cell with a more specialized purpose)
  4. Cell cycle and growth regulation (the process whereby the cell gets ready to reproduce and reproduces)
74
Q

Mitochondria are numerous in __________ cells

A

Eukaryotic

75
Q

Mitochondria can be involved in many functions. What is the main one?

A

Supplying the cell with energy

76
Q

Mitochondria consist of an inner and outer ________

A

Membrane

77
Q

What does the mitochondria’s inner membrane enclose?

A

The matrix

78
Q

What does the matrix contain?

A

The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and ribosomes

79
Q

Between the inner and outer membranes of the mitochondria are _____ or _______

A

Folds or cristae

80
Q

In the folds (cristae) of the mitochondria chemical reactions occur. What do they do?

A
  • Release energy
  • Control water levels in cells
  • Recycle and create proteins and fats
81
Q

What kind of respiration occurs in the Mitochondria?

A

Aerobic

82
Q

Comprised of the pair or centrioles located at right angles to each other and surrounded by protein. Involved in mitosis and the cell cycle

A

Centrosome

- Animal Cell Structure-

83
Q

Cylinder-shaped structures neat the nucleus that are involved in cellular division. Each cylinder consists of nine groups of three microtubules. Occur in pairs

A

Centrioles

- Animal Cell Structure -

84
Q

Digests proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates, and also transports undigested substances to the cell membrane so they can be removed. The shape depends on the material being transported

A

Lysosome

- Animal Cell Structure -

85
Q

Appendages extending from the surface of the cell, the movement of which causes the cell to move. They can also result in fluid being moved by the cell

A

Cilia

- Animal Cell Structure -

86
Q

Tail-like structures on cells that use whip-like movements to help the cell move. They are similar to cilia, but are usually longer and not as numerous. A cell usually only has one or a few

A

Flagella

- Animal Cell Structure -

TEAS (7 decks)

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