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Human Anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

Anterior (ventral)

A

Toward the front

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2
Q

Posterior (dorsal)

A

Toward the back

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3
Q

Superior

A

Toward the head

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4
Q

Inferior

A

Away from the head

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5
Q

Medial

A

Toward the midline of the body

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6
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline of the body

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7
Q

Proximal

A

Toward the attached end of the limb, origin of the structure, or midline of the body

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8
Q

Distal

A

Away from the attached end of the limb, origin of the structure, or midline of the body

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9
Q

Superficial

A

External; located close to or on the body surface

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10
Q

Deep

A

Internal; located further beneath the body surface than the superficial structures

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11
Q

Cervical

A

Regional term refering to the neck

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12
Q

Thoracic

A

Regional term refering to the portion of the body between the neck and the abdomen; also known as the chest (thorax)

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13
Q

Lumbar

A

Regional term referring to the portion of the back between the abdomen and the pelvis

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14
Q

Plantar

A

The sole or bottom of the feet

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15
Q

Dorsal

A

The top surface of the hands or feet

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16
Q

Palmar

A

The anterior or ventral surface of the hands

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17
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

A longitudinal (imaginary) line that divides the body or any of its parts into right and left sections

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18
Q

Frontal Plane

A

A longitudinal (imaginary) plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts; lies at a right angle to the sagittal plane

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19
Q

Transverse Plane

A

Also known as the horizontal plane; an imaginary line that divides the body into superior and inferior sections

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20
Q

Arthro

A

Joint

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21
Q

Bi

A

Two

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22
Q

Brachium

A

Arm

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23
Q

Cardio

A

Heart

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24
Q

Cephalo

A

Head

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25
Q

Chondro

A

Cartilage

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26
Q

Costo

A

Rib

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27
Q

Dermo

A

Skin

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28
Q

Hemo; Hemat

A

Blood

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29
Q

Ilio

A

Ilium

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30
Q

Myo

A

Muscle

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31
Q

Os, Osteo

A

Bone

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32
Q

Pulmo

A

Lung

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33
Q

Thoraco

A

Chest

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34
Q

Tri

A

Three

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35
Q

Anatomical Position

A

Standing erect with the feet and palms facing forward

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36
Q

Connective Tissues

A

The tissue that binds together and supports various structures of the body. Ligaments and tendons are connective tissue.

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37
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Tissue that covers the surface of the body and lines the body cavities, ducts, and vessels.

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38
Q

Digestion

A

The process of breaking down food into small enough units for absorption

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39
Q

Absorption

A

The uptake of nutrients across a tissue or membrane by the gastrointestinal tract

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40
Q

Esophagus

A

The food pipe; the conduit from the mouth to the stomach

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41
Q

Arteries (Artery)

A

A blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to vital organs and the extremities

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42
Q

Capillaries

A

The smallest blood vessels that supply blood to the tissues, and the site of all gas and nutrient exchange in the cardiovascular system. They connect the arterial and venous systems

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43
Q

Veins

A

Blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart from vital organs and the extremities

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44
Q

Plasma

A

The liquid portion of blood

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45
Q

Hormone

A

A chemical substance produced and released by an endocrine gland and transported through the blood to a target organ

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46
Q

Carbohydrates

A

The body’s preferred energy source. Dietary sources include sugars (simple), and grains, rice, potatoes, and beans (complex). Carbohydrate is stored as glycogen in the muscles and liver and is transported in the blood as glucose

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47
Q

Amino Acids

A

Nitrogen containing compounds that are the building blocks of protein

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48
Q

Lipids

A

The name for fats used in the body and bloodstream

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49
Q

Ions

A

A single atom or small molecule containing a net positive or negative charge due to an excess of either protons (positive) or electrons (negative)

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50
Q

Platelets

A

One of the disc-shaped components of the blood; involved in clotting

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51
Q

Arterioles

A

Small-diameter blood vessels that extend and branch out from an artery and lead to capellaries; the primary site of vascular resistance

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52
Q

Venules

A

Smaller divisions of veins

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53
Q

Aorta

A

The major artery of the cardiovascular system; arises from the left ventricle of the heart

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54
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

A chronic disease in which thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of the arteral walls result in impaired blood circulation; develops with aging, and in hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and other conditions

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55
Q

Interstitial Fluid

A

Fluid between the cells or body parts

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56
Q

Ventricles

A

The two lower chambers of the heart (right and left venticles)

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57
Q

Atrium (Atria)

A

The two upper chambers of the heart (right and left atrium)

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58
Q

Pulmonary Circuit

A

The circulatory vessels of the lungs; involved in the circulation of the blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs and back to the left atrium of the heart

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59
Q

Systemic Circuit

A

The circulatory vessels of the body

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60
Q

Cardiac Cycle

A

The period from the beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next heartbeat; the systolic and diastolic phases and the interval in between

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61
Q

Systole

A

The contraction phase of the cardiac cycle

62
Q

Diastole

A

The period of filling of the heart between contractions; resting phase of the heart

63
Q

Pharynx

A

The muscular, membranous tube extending from the base of the skull to the esophagus

64
Q

Larynx

A

The organ of the voice; located between the trachea and the base of the tongue

65
Q

Trachea

A

The cartilaginous and membranous tube extending from the larynx to the bronchi; windpipe

66
Q

Bronchi

A

The two large branches of the trachea leading into the lungs

67
Q

Alveoli

A

Spherical extensions of the respiratory bronchioles and the primary sites of gas exchange with the blood

68
Q

Bronchioles

A

The smallest tubes that supply air to the alveoli (air sacs) of the lungs

69
Q

Mediastinum

A

The portion of the thoracic cavity between the lungs

70
Q

Inspiration

A

The drawing of air into the lungs; inhalation

71
Q

Thorax

A

The portion of the trunk above the diaphragm and below the neck

72
Q

Expiration

A

The act of expelling air from the lungs; exhalation

73
Q

Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract

A

A long hollow tube from mouth to anus where digestion and absorption occur

74
Q

Chemical Digestion

A

A form of digestion that involves the addition of enzymes that break down nutrients

75
Q

Lymphatic System

A

A network of lymphoid organs, lymph nodes, lymph ducts, lymphatic tissues, lymph capillaries, and lymph vessels that produces and transports lymph fluid from tissues to the circulatory system

76
Q

Anus

A

The end point of the gastrointestinal tract through which semisolid waste is passed from the body

77
Q

Epiglottis

A

The cartilage in the throat that guards the entrance to the trachea and prevents fluid or food from entering it during the act of swallowing

78
Q

Peristalsis

A

The process by which muscles in the esophagus and intestines push food through the gastrointestinal tract in a wave-like motion

79
Q

Chyme

A

The semiliquid mass of partly digested food expelled by the stomach into the duodenum

80
Q

Pyloric Sphincter

A

Separates the stomach from the small intestine

81
Q

Vitamin

A

An organic micronutrient that is essential for normal physiological function

82
Q

Mineral

A

Inorganic substances needed in the diet in small amounts to help regulate bodily functions

83
Q

Bolus

A

A food and saliva digestive mix that is swallowed and then moved through the digestive tract

84
Q

Duodenum

A

The top portion of the small intestine

85
Q

Jejunum

A

One of three segments of the small intestine

86
Q

Ileum

A

One of three sections of the small intestine

87
Q

Bile

A

A greenish-yellow or brownish emulsifier that perpares fats and oils for digestion; produced in and secreted by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and released into the small intestine

88
Q

Microvilli

A

Tiny hairlike projections on each cell of every villus that can trap nutrient particles and transport them into the cells for absorption

89
Q

Villi

A

Finger-like projections from the folds of the small intestines

90
Q

Cardiac Sphincter

A

Sits at the upper portion of the stomach; prevents food and stomach acid from splashing back into the esophagus from the stomach; also called the esophageal sphincter

91
Q

Colon

A

The lower portion of the large intestine, the primary function of which is to absorb water; its segments are the ascending colon, the transverse colon, and the sigmoid colon

92
Q

Electrolyte

A

A mineral that exists as a charged ion in the body ans that is extremely important for normal celluar function.

93
Q

Glucose

A

A simple sugar; the form in which all carbohydrates are used as the body’s principal energy source

94
Q

Hemopoiesis

A

The formaition of blood cells

95
Q

Articulation

A

A joint

96
Q

Cortical Bone

A

Compact, dense bone that is found in the shafts of long bones and the vertebral endplates

97
Q

Trabecular Bone

A

Spongy or cancellous bone composed of thin plates that form a honeycomb pattern; predominately found inthe ends of long bones and the vertebral bodies

98
Q

Tendon

A

A band of fibrous tissue forming the termination of a muscle and attaching the muscle to a bone

99
Q

Osteoporosis

A

A disorder, primarily affecting postmenopausal women, in which bone density decreases and susceptibility to fractures increases

100
Q

Diaphysis

A

The shaft of a long bone

101
Q

Proximal

A

Nearest to the midline of the body or point of origin of a muscle

102
Q

Distal

A

Farthest from the midline of the body, or from the point of origin of a muscle

103
Q

Epiphysis

A

The end of a long bone, usually wider than the shaft (plural: epiphyses)

104
Q

Endosteum

A

A soft tissue lining the internal surface of the diaphysis on a long bone

105
Q

Epiphyseal Cartilage

A

Cartilaginous layer between the head and shaft of a long bone where bone growth occurs. Also called a growth plate

106
Q

Periosteum

A

A double-layered connective tissue sheath surrounding the outer surface of the daiphysis of a long bone; serves to cover and nourish the bone

107
Q

Osteoblast

A

A bone-forming cell

108
Q

Osteoclast

A

A cell that reabsorbs or erodes bone mineral

109
Q

Wolff’s Law

A

A principle stating that bone is capable of increasing its strength in response to stress (e.g. exercise) by laying down more bone

110
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

The brain and spinal cord

111
Q

Ligament

A

A strong, fibrous tissue that connects one bone to another

112
Q

Axis of Rotation

A

The imaginary line or point about which an object, such as a joint, rotates

113
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

The longitudinal plane that divides the body into right and left portions

114
Q

Frontal Plane

A

A longitudinal section that runs at a right angle to the sagittal plane, dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions

115
Q

Transverse Plane

A

Anatomical term for the imaginary line that divides the body, or any of its parts, into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) parts. Also called the horizontal plane

116
Q

Circumduction

A

A biplanar movement involving the sequential combination of flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction

117
Q

Flexion

A

The act of moving a joint so that the two bones forming it are brought closer together

118
Q

Extension

A

The act of straightening or extending a joint, usually applied to the muscular movement of a limb

119
Q

Abduction

A

Movement away from the midline of the body

120
Q

Adduction

A

Movement toward the midline of the body

121
Q

Pronation

A

Internal rotation of the forearm causing the radius to cross diagonally over the ulna and teh palm to face posteriorly

122
Q

Supination

A

External rotation of the forearm (radioulnar joint) that causes the palm to face anteriorly

123
Q

Inversion

A

Rotation of the foot to direct the plantar surface inward

124
Q

Eversion

A

Rotation of the foot to direct the plantar surface outward

125
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

The parts of the nervous system that are outside the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system)

126
Q

Ganglia

A

A group of nerve cell bodies usually located in the peripheral nervous system

127
Q

Foramina

A

Holes or openings in a bone or between body cavaties

128
Q

Fascia

A

Strong connective tissues that perform a number of functions, including developing and isolating the muscles of the body and providing structural support and protection. Plural = Fasciae

129
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Division of the peripheral nervous sstem that conducts signals from sensory receptors to the central nervous system (efferent signals) and signals from the central nervous system to skeletal muscles (afferent signals)

130
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

The part of the nervous system that regulates involuntary body functions, including the activity of the cardiac muscle, smooth muscles, and glands. It has two divisions; the sympathetic nervous systems and teh parasympathetic nervous system

131
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

A branch of the autonomic nervous system responsible for mobilizing the body’s energy and resources during times of stress and arousal. Opposes the physiological effects of the parasympathetic nervous system (e.g. reduces digestive secretions, speeds the heart, contracts blood vessels)

132
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

A subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that is involved in regulating the routine functions of the body, such as heartbeat, digestion, and sleeping. Opposes the physiological effects of the sympathetic nervous system (e.g. stimulates digestive secretions, slows the heart, constricts the pupils, dilates blood vessels)

133
Q

Dendrite

A

The portion of a nerve fiber that transmits impulses toward a nerve cell body; receptive portion of a nerve cell

134
Q

Axon

A

A nerve fiber that conducts a nerve impulse away from the neuron cell body; efferent nerve fiber

135
Q

Synapse

A

The region of communication between neurons

136
Q

Myelin

A

The fatty insulation of nerve fibers that is important for the conduction of nerve impulses. These fibers are damaged in individuals with multiple sclerosis

137
Q

Neuromuscular Junction

A

The site at which a motor neuron transmits information to a muscle fiber

138
Q

Proprioception

A

Sensation and awareness of body postition and movements

139
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Somatic sensory receptors in muscles, tendons, ligaments, joint capsules, and skin that gather information about body position and the direction and velocity of movement

140
Q

Pacinian Corpuscle

A

A specialized bulblike mechanoreceptor located in the subcutaneous tissue of teh skin responsible for detecting pressure; occur abundantly in the skin of palms, soles, and joints

141
Q

Meissner’s Corpuscle

A

A specialized mechanoreceptor located in the superficial aspect of the skin responsible for detecting light touch; occur abundantly in the skin of the fingertips, palms, soles, lips, tongue, and face

142
Q

Golgi-Mazzoni Corpuscle

A

A specialized mechanoreceptor located in the joint capsule responsible for detecting joint compression. And weightbearing activity stimulates these receptors

143
Q

Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO)

A

A sensory organ with a tendon that, when stimulated, causes an inhibition of the entire muscle group to protect against too much force

144
Q

Muscle Spindle

A

The sensory organ within a muscle that is sensitive to stretch and thus protects the muscle against too much stretch

145
Q

Autogenic Inhibition

A

An automatic reflex relaxation caused by stimulation of the Golgi tendon organ (GTO)

146
Q

Antagonist

A

The muscle that acts is opposition to the contraction produced by an agonist (prime mover) muscle

147
Q

Reciprocal Inhibition

A

The reflex inhibition of the motor neurons of antagonists when the agonists are contracted

148
Q

Static Stretching

A

Holding a nonmoving (static) position to immobilize a joint in a position that places the desired muscles and connective tissues passively at their greatest possible length

149
Q

Dynamic Stretching

A

Type of streching that involves taking the joints through their ranges of motion while continously moving. Often beneficial in warming up for a particular sport or activity that involves the same joint movements

150
Q

Agonist

A

The muscle directly responsible for observed movement; also called the prime mover

151
Q

Vestibular System

A

Part of the central nervous system that coordinates reflexes of the eyes, neck, and body to maintain equilibrium in accordance with posture and movement of the head

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