Human Anatomy Flashcards
Anterior
Toward the front
Another word for anterior
Ventral
Posterior
Toward the back
Another word for posterior
Dorsal
Superior
Toward the head
Inferior
Away from the head
Medial
Toward the midline of the body
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body
Proximal
Toward the attached end of the limb, origin of the structure, or midline of the body
Distal
Away from the attached end of the limb, origin of the structure, or midline of the body
Superficial
External; located close to or on the body surface
Plantar
The sole or bottom of the feet
Dorsal
The top surface of the feed and hands
Palmar
The anterior or ventral surface of the hands
Sagittal plane
Divides body into left and right halves
Frontal plant
Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
Transverse plane
Divides the body or any of its parts into superior and inferior sections
Root word arthro
Joint
Root word brachium
Arm
Root word chondro
Cartilage
Root word cephalo
Head
Root word costo
Rib
Root word dermo
Skin
Root word myo
Muscle
Root word os, osteo
Bone
Root word pulmo
Lung
Root word thoraco
Chest
Arthritis
Inflammation in a joint
Pulmonary Artery
Vessel that brings blood to the lungs
Anatomical position
Person standing erect with head, eyes, and palms facing forward.
Hardening of the arteries and narrowing of the arteries due to plaque accumulation
Arteriosclerosis
Contraction phase of the cardiac cycle, during which blood leaves the ventricles
Systole
Relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle, during which blood fills the ventricles
Diastole
Body system responsible for destruction of bacteria and other foreign substances, specific immune responses that aid in making antibodies, and return of interstitial fluid to the bloodstream
Lymphatic system
Primary site for digestion and absorption of food, nutrients, vitamins, minerals, and water
Small intestine
Bile
Aids in the digestion of fat
Secreted from the liver
Final absorption of water and salt, digestion and absorption mostly complete
Large intestine
What does fiber do?
Provides bulk against which the muscles of the colon can work to expel waste
Eliminates a variety of metabolic products such as urea, uric acid, creatinine, and by excreting or conserving water and electrolytes
Kidneys
Total number of bones in the human body
206
Provides the main support for the body, CNS, and organs of the thorax
Axial skeleton
Total number of vertebrae
33 (7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 fused sacrum, 4 fused coccyx)
3 main types of joints
Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial
Joints that are held tightly together and allow little or no movement
Fibrous joints
Example of fibrous joints
Sutures of the skull
Distal ends of the tibia and fibula
Joints connected by cartilage and little or no movement is allowed
Cartilaginous joints
Example of cartilaginous joints
Junction of the 2 pubic bones (pubic symphysis)
Junctions between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae
Ribs & sternum
Most common type of joint
Synovial joint
Joints that move in one plane only and have one axis of rotation are called
Uniplanar or uniaxial joints, or hinge joints
Examples of hinge joints
Ankles and elbows
Joints that allow movement in 2 planes are called
Biplanar or biaxial joints
Examples of biaxial joints
Foot, knee, hand, wrist
Joints that permit movement in 3 axes of rotation
Multiplanar or triaxial joints
Examples of triaxial joints
Hip, thumb, shoulder
4 angular movements for synovial joints
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction
Movement in which the bones comprising a joint move toward each other in the sagittal plane, decreasing the joint angle between them
Flexion
Movement that causes the angle between 2 adjoining bones to increase in the sagittal plane
Extension
Part of the body is moved away from the midline
Abduction
Part of the body moves toward the midline of the body
Adduction
Abduction and adduction movements occur in which plane
Frontal plane
Motion where all four angular movements are incorporated, motion describes a “cone”
Circumduction
Circumduction is possible in which 2 joints
Shoulder and hip
Body system that gathers information, stores it, and controls various bodily systems in response to this input
Nervous system
2 parts the nervous system is divided into
CNS (brain and spinal cord)
PNS (nerves)
2 categories PNS is divided into
Afferent (sensory) division
Efferent (motor) division
Which division of the PNS carries nerve impulses to the CNS from receptors in the skin, fasciae, joints, etc.?
Afferent (sensory)
Which division of the PNS handles outgoing information?
Efferent (motor)
2 divisions of the efferent (motor) division of the PNS
Somatic
Autonomic
Part of the nervous system mostly under conscious control that carries nerve impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles
Somatic
Part of the nervous system that transmits impulses to the smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands
Autonomic
2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Part of the nervous system that is activates when there is a stressor or emergency such as pain, anger, or fear. Also known as the “fight or flight” response.
Sympathetic
Part of the nervous system that aids in controlled normal functions when the body is relaxed, such as digestion, storing energy, and promoting growth.
Parasympathetic
3 types of muscle tissue
Skeletal, smooth, cardiac
Type of muscle considered voluntary because it is under conscious control
Skeletal
Type of muscle found in the walls of hollow organs and tubes such as stomach, intestines, and blood vessels
Smooth
Attaches muscle to bones
Tendon
2 types of tendons
Tendon of origin
Tendon of insertion
Tendon attached to the proximal bone of a joint (less mobile of the 2 bones)
Tendon of origin
Tendon attached to the distal bone of a joint (more moveable of the 2 bones)
Tendon of insertion
The muscle that creates a major movement
Prime mover or agonist
Muscle on the opposite side of the joint
Opposing muscle, or antagonist
2 categories of skeletal muscle
Slow-twitch muscle fibers (type I muscle fibers)
Fast-twitch muscle fibers (type II muscle fibers)
Muscle fibers resistant to fatigue and capable of sustaining aerobic metabolism, contract more slowly, create lower force outputs, more efficient
Type I muscle fibers
Muscle fibers that have limited aerobic metabolism, fatigue more easily, and cannot sustain effort for more than a few seconds, but are largest and fastest and produce the most force
Type IIx muscle fibers
Muscle fibers that possess speed, fatigue resistance, and force-production between slow twitch and IIx fibers, are highly adaptable, able to increase oxidative capacities or increase force production and speed
Type IIa muscle fibers
Thin sheets of connective tissue membranes that hold muscle fibers in place
Fasciae
Main objectives of a cool-down
Muscular relaxation
Promote removal of muscular waste products by the blood
Reduce muscle soreness
Allow cardiovascular system to adjust to lower demand
Most mobile joint in the body
Shoulder joint
Group of 4 muscles that make up the rotator cuff
SITS Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Subscapularis Teres Minor
In the shoulder joint, the head of the humerus sits in the
Glenoid fossa
Irritation of the sciatic nerve that causes pain, tingling, or weakness in the lower extremity
Sciatica
Movement of the foot up toward the shin
Dorsiflexion
Distal movement of the plantar surface of the foot; opposite of dorsiflexion
Plantarflexion
Body system responsible for regulating bodily activities through the production of hormones
Endocrine System
Principal endocrine glands
Pituitary, Thyroid, Adrenals, Pancreas, Gonads
Chemicals that prepare the body for emergencies or stressful events
Epinephrine (adrenaline)
Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
Chemical that elevates blood glucose levels, increases heart rate, force, and amplitude of the heartbeat, and dilates blood vessels that feed the heart, lungs, and skeletal muscles.
Epinephrine
Chemical that causes an increase in heart rate and force of contraction of the cardiac muscle and contributes to constriction of blood vessels in most areas of the body
Norepinephrine
Organ that produces digestive enzymes and produces insulin
Pancreas
Hormone that opposes the actions of insulin by decreasing glucose oxidation and increasing the blood sugar level
Glucagon
Most important muscle for respiration
Diaphragm
Law that states that when the skeleton is subjected to stressful forces, such as those that occur with exercise, it responds by laying down more bone tissue, thereby increasing its density
Wolff’s Law
Sensory organ with a tendon that, when stimulated, causes an inhibition of the entire muscle group to protect against too much force
Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO)
Prime movers for shoulder joint adduction during a wide-grip pull-up
Pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi
4 primary types of tissue
Muscular, nervous, connective, and epithelial.
Which of the four components of blood carries hormones, food materials, ions, and gases throughout the body?
Plasma
When blood is flowing through the heart, where does it go after passing through the tricuspid valve?
Right ventricle
Human breathing rate in LPM
Humans normally breathe approximately 5 to 6 liters of air per minute through the nose when at rest, but use the mouth as the primary passageway for air when ventilation is increased to approximately 20 to 30 liters per minute during exercise.
Which movements take place in the frontal plane?
Abduction Adduction Elevation Depression Inversion Eversion
Relative contribution of soft tissues to total resistance encountered by the joint during movement through its range of motion
Joint capsule (ligaments) - 47%
Muscle (fascia) - 41%
Tendons - 10%
Skin - 2%
4 components of blood
Plasma, platelets, white blood cells, red blood cells
Rotation of the foot to direct the plantar surface inward
Inversion
The action of raising a muscle or bone, or a movement in a superior or upward direction
Elevation
Rotation of the foot to direct the plantar surface outward
Eversion
Which joint allows inversion and eversion of the foot
Subtalar joint
4 major components of physical fitness
Muscular strength/Muscular endurance
Cardiovascular endurance
Flexibility
Body composition
Proportion of lean body mass and body fat
Body composition
Adipose tissue
Fatty tissue
Primary role of body fat
Store energy for later use
Amount of fat necessary for maintenance of life and reproductive function
Called “essential fat”
Men: 2-5%
Women: 10-13%
Required to provide energy for cellular function
ATP
Protein molecule in red blood cells specifically adapted to carry oxygen molecules
Hemoglobin
The volume of air inspired per breath
Tidal volume
Chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that affects genetically susceptible individuals in response to various environmental triggers such as allergens, viral infection, exercise, cold, and stress
Asthma
An obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by the gradual destruction of lung alveoli and the surrounding connective tissue, in addition to airway inflammation, leading to reduced ability to effectively inhale and exhale
Emphysema
A reduction in the number of red blood cells and/or quantity of hemoglobin per volume of blood below normal values
Anemia
Cardiac output equation
Cardiac Output = HR x stroke volume
Quantity of blood pumped per heartbeat
Stroke volume
A decrease in the blood supply to a bodily organ, tissue, or part caused by constriction or obstruction of the blood vessels
Ischemia
Where does production of ATP take place?
Mitochondria of the cells
What is protein used for?
Growth or repair of cellular structures
Without the presence of oxygen
Anaerobic
The breakdown of glucose is called
Glycolysis
In the presence of oxygen
Aerobic
Ratio of the amount of carbon dioxide produced relative to the amount of oxygen consumed
Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER)
The best indicator of cardiovascular endurance, it is the maximum amount of Oxygen that a person can use in one minute per kilogram of body weight.
VO2 Max
Constant submaximal exercise below the lactate threshold where the oxygen consumption is meeting the energy requirements of the activity
Steady state
How is muscle fiber distribution (fast twitch, intermediate, slow twitch) determined?
To a large extent by genetic makeup
An increase in the cross-sectional size of a muscle in response to progressive resistance training
Hypertrophy
Why is exercising at higher altitudes more difficult?
There is less pressure to drive the oxygen molecules into the blood as it passes through the lungs, therefore reducing the amount of oxygen in the blood.
The process of breaking down fatty acids for the production of ATP
Beta oxidation
The site for aerobic production of ATP
Mitochondria
A category of hormones that stimulate the body to adjust to the increased metabolic demands of exercise
Catecholamines
The process that results in preparing the body for exercise; fight or flight mechanism
Sympathetic stimulation
The greatest amount of oxygen an individual can take in, transport, and use for physical work
Maximal aerobic capacity
High-energy compount found within muscle cells used to supply energy for intense, short-duration activities
Creatine phosphate
A metabolic by-product that causes changes in muscle pH and eventual muscle fatigue
Lactate
The highest intensity that can be sustained for one to two hours in well-trained individuals
First Ventilatory Threshold
The highest intensity that can be sustained for 30-60 minutes in well-trained individuals
Second Ventilatory Threshold
Consists of muscles, bones, nervous tissue, skin, blood, and organs
Lean body mass
The absence of menstruation
Amenorrhea
The site for anaerobic production of ATP
Cytoplasm
Hormone that promotes protein and triglyceride breakdown during prolonged exercise
Cortisol
Hormone that plays a major role in bone formation and maintenance
Estrogen
Hormone that increases cardiac output and causes glycogenolysis during exercise
Epinephrine
Hormone that facilitates glucose removal from the blood
Insulin
Hormone that limits sodium excretion in the urine to maintain electrolyte balance during exercise
Aldosterone
Hormone that reduces the urinary excretion of water
Vasopressin
Hormone that causes the release of free fatty acids into the bloodstream
Glucagon
Hormone that facilitates protein synthesis in the body
Growth hormone
The study of the form, pattern, or sequence of movement without regard for the forces that may produce that motion
Kinematics
The branch of mechanics that describes the effects of forces on the body
Kinetics
Newton’s First Law of Motion
A body at rest will stay at rest and a body in motion will stay in motion unless acted upon by an external force
Newton’s Second Law of Motion
Force = mass x acceleration
Newton’s Third Law of Motion
Every applied force is accompanied by an equal and opposite reaction force
The force that starts or causes a movement
Motive force
A force that resists the motion of another external force
Resistive force
The muscle acts as a motive force and shortens as it creates muscle tension
Concentric
The muscle acts as the resistive force and lengthens as it creates muscle tension, the muscle “puts on the brakes or slows the descent of the weight”
Eccentric
Muscle contraction in which the muscle is stimulated to generate tension but little or no joint movement occurs
Isometric
The muscle that causes a desired motion, also called a prime mover
Agonist
The muscles that have the potential to oppose the action of the agonist
Antagonist
Muscles that assist the agonist in causing a desired action, acting as joint stabilizers
Synergist
Decreased muscle mass, often age-related
Sarcopenia
Scapulothoracic articulation is the scientific name for the
Shoulder girdle
A nutrient that is needed in large quantities for normal growth and development
Macronutrient
A nutrient that is needed in small quantities for normal growth and development
Micronutrient
How many calories per gram in carb, protein, fat?
4, 4, 9
Carbohydrates consumed in the diet that are not immediately used for energy are stored as
Glycogen
Up to a week-long regimen of manipulating intensity of training and carb intake to achieve maximum glycogen storage for an endurance event
Carb loading
Storage of energy exceeds the amount expended
Positive energy balance
Number of calories expended is greater than what is taken in
Negative energy balance
The pacemaker for the heart
SA node
The tendency of a connective tissue to slowly deform permanently (or lengthen) under the influence of applied stress such as stretching
Creep
