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ACE Personal Trainer > Human Anatomy > Flashcards

Human Anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

Anterior

A

Toward the front

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2
Q

Another word for anterior

A

Ventral

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3
Q

Posterior

A

Toward the back

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4
Q

Another word for posterior

A

Dorsal

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5
Q

Superior

A

Toward the head

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6
Q

Inferior

A

Away from the head

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7
Q

Medial

A

Toward the midline of the body

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8
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline of the body

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9
Q

Proximal

A

Toward the attached end of the limb, origin of the structure, or midline of the body

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10
Q

Distal

A

Away from the attached end of the limb, origin of the structure, or midline of the body

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11
Q

Superficial

A

External; located close to or on the body surface

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12
Q

Plantar

A

The sole or bottom of the feet

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13
Q

Dorsal

A

The top surface of the feed and hands

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14
Q

Palmar

A

The anterior or ventral surface of the hands

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15
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Divides body into left and right halves

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16
Q

Frontal plant

A

Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

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17
Q

Transverse plane

A

Divides the body or any of its parts into superior and inferior sections

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18
Q

Root word arthro

A

Joint

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19
Q

Root word brachium

A

Arm

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20
Q

Root word chondro

A

Cartilage

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21
Q

Root word cephalo

A

Head

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22
Q

Root word costo

A

Rib

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23
Q

Root word dermo

A

Skin

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24
Q

Root word myo

A

Muscle

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25
Q

Root word os, osteo

A

Bone

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26
Q

Root word pulmo

A

Lung

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27
Q

Root word thoraco

A

Chest

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28
Q

Arthritis

A

Inflammation in a joint

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29
Q

Pulmonary Artery

A

Vessel that brings blood to the lungs

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30
Q

Anatomical position

A

Person standing erect with head, eyes, and palms facing forward.

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31
Q

Hardening of the arteries and narrowing of the arteries due to plaque accumulation

A

Arteriosclerosis

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32
Q

Contraction phase of the cardiac cycle, during which blood leaves the ventricles

A

Systole

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33
Q

Relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle, during which blood fills the ventricles

A

Diastole

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34
Q

Body system responsible for destruction of bacteria and other foreign substances, specific immune responses that aid in making antibodies, and return of interstitial fluid to the bloodstream

A

Lymphatic system

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35
Q

Primary site for digestion and absorption of food, nutrients, vitamins, minerals, and water

A

Small intestine

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36
Q

Bile

A

Aids in the digestion of fat

Secreted from the liver

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37
Q

Final absorption of water and salt, digestion and absorption mostly complete

A

Large intestine

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38
Q

What does fiber do?

A

Provides bulk against which the muscles of the colon can work to expel waste

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39
Q

Eliminates a variety of metabolic products such as urea, uric acid, creatinine, and by excreting or conserving water and electrolytes

A

Kidneys

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40
Q

Total number of bones in the human body

A

206

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41
Q

Provides the main support for the body, CNS, and organs of the thorax

A

Axial skeleton

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42
Q

Total number of vertebrae

A

33 (7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 fused sacrum, 4 fused coccyx)

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43
Q

3 main types of joints

A

Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial

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44
Q

Joints that are held tightly together and allow little or no movement

A

Fibrous joints

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45
Q

Example of fibrous joints

A

Sutures of the skull

Distal ends of the tibia and fibula

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46
Q

Joints connected by cartilage and little or no movement is allowed

A

Cartilaginous joints

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47
Q

Example of cartilaginous joints

A

Junction of the 2 pubic bones (pubic symphysis)
Junctions between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae
Ribs & sternum

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48
Q

Most common type of joint

A

Synovial joint

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49
Q

Joints that move in one plane only and have one axis of rotation are called

A

Uniplanar or uniaxial joints, or hinge joints

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50
Q

Examples of hinge joints

A

Ankles and elbows

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51
Q

Joints that allow movement in 2 planes are called

A

Biplanar or biaxial joints

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52
Q

Examples of biaxial joints

A

Foot, knee, hand, wrist

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53
Q

Joints that permit movement in 3 axes of rotation

A

Multiplanar or triaxial joints

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54
Q

Examples of triaxial joints

A

Hip, thumb, shoulder

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55
Q

4 angular movements for synovial joints

A

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction

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56
Q

Movement in which the bones comprising a joint move toward each other in the sagittal plane, decreasing the joint angle between them

A

Flexion

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57
Q

Movement that causes the angle between 2 adjoining bones to increase in the sagittal plane

A

Extension

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58
Q

Part of the body is moved away from the midline

A

Abduction

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59
Q

Part of the body moves toward the midline of the body

A

Adduction

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60
Q

Abduction and adduction movements occur in which plane

A

Frontal plane

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61
Q

Motion where all four angular movements are incorporated, motion describes a “cone”

A

Circumduction

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62
Q

Circumduction is possible in which 2 joints

A

Shoulder and hip

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63
Q

Body system that gathers information, stores it, and controls various bodily systems in response to this input

A

Nervous system

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64
Q

2 parts the nervous system is divided into

A

CNS (brain and spinal cord)

PNS (nerves)

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65
Q

2 categories PNS is divided into

A

Afferent (sensory) division

Efferent (motor) division

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66
Q

Which division of the PNS carries nerve impulses to the CNS from receptors in the skin, fasciae, joints, etc.?

A

Afferent (sensory)

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67
Q

Which division of the PNS handles outgoing information?

A

Efferent (motor)

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68
Q

2 divisions of the efferent (motor) division of the PNS

A

Somatic

Autonomic

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69
Q

Part of the nervous system mostly under conscious control that carries nerve impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles

A

Somatic

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70
Q

Part of the nervous system that transmits impulses to the smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands

A

Autonomic

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71
Q

2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

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72
Q

Part of the nervous system that is activates when there is a stressor or emergency such as pain, anger, or fear. Also known as the “fight or flight” response.

A

Sympathetic

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73
Q

Part of the nervous system that aids in controlled normal functions when the body is relaxed, such as digestion, storing energy, and promoting growth.

A

Parasympathetic

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74
Q

3 types of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal, smooth, cardiac

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75
Q

Type of muscle considered voluntary because it is under conscious control

A

Skeletal

76
Q

Type of muscle found in the walls of hollow organs and tubes such as stomach, intestines, and blood vessels

A

Smooth

77
Q

Attaches muscle to bones

A

Tendon

78
Q

2 types of tendons

A

Tendon of origin

Tendon of insertion

79
Q

Tendon attached to the proximal bone of a joint (less mobile of the 2 bones)

A

Tendon of origin

80
Q

Tendon attached to the distal bone of a joint (more moveable of the 2 bones)

A

Tendon of insertion

81
Q

The muscle that creates a major movement

A

Prime mover or agonist

82
Q

Muscle on the opposite side of the joint

A

Opposing muscle, or antagonist

83
Q

2 categories of skeletal muscle

A

Slow-twitch muscle fibers (type I muscle fibers)

Fast-twitch muscle fibers (type II muscle fibers)

84
Q

Muscle fibers resistant to fatigue and capable of sustaining aerobic metabolism, contract more slowly, create lower force outputs, more efficient

A

Type I muscle fibers

85
Q

Muscle fibers that have limited aerobic metabolism, fatigue more easily, and cannot sustain effort for more than a few seconds, but are largest and fastest and produce the most force

A

Type IIx muscle fibers

86
Q

Muscle fibers that possess speed, fatigue resistance, and force-production between slow twitch and IIx fibers, are highly adaptable, able to increase oxidative capacities or increase force production and speed

A

Type IIa muscle fibers

87
Q

Thin sheets of connective tissue membranes that hold muscle fibers in place

A

Fasciae

88
Q

Main objectives of a cool-down

A

Muscular relaxation
Promote removal of muscular waste products by the blood
Reduce muscle soreness
Allow cardiovascular system to adjust to lower demand

89
Q

Most mobile joint in the body

A

Shoulder joint

90
Q

Group of 4 muscles that make up the rotator cuff

A 
SITS
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Subscapularis
Teres Minor
91
Q

In the shoulder joint, the head of the humerus sits in the

A

Glenoid fossa

92
Q

Irritation of the sciatic nerve that causes pain, tingling, or weakness in the lower extremity

A

Sciatica

93
Q

Movement of the foot up toward the shin

A

Dorsiflexion

94
Q

Distal movement of the plantar surface of the foot; opposite of dorsiflexion

A

Plantarflexion

95
Q

Body system responsible for regulating bodily activities through the production of hormones

A

Endocrine System

96
Q

Principal endocrine glands

A

Pituitary, Thyroid, Adrenals, Pancreas, Gonads

97
Q

Chemicals that prepare the body for emergencies or stressful events

A

Epinephrine (adrenaline)

Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

98
Q

Chemical that elevates blood glucose levels, increases heart rate, force, and amplitude of the heartbeat, and dilates blood vessels that feed the heart, lungs, and skeletal muscles.

A

Epinephrine

99
Q

Chemical that causes an increase in heart rate and force of contraction of the cardiac muscle and contributes to constriction of blood vessels in most areas of the body

A

Norepinephrine

100
Q

Organ that produces digestive enzymes and produces insulin

A

Pancreas

101
Q

Hormone that opposes the actions of insulin by decreasing glucose oxidation and increasing the blood sugar level

A

Glucagon

102
Q

Most important muscle for respiration

A

Diaphragm

103
Q

Law that states that when the skeleton is subjected to stressful forces, such as those that occur with exercise, it responds by laying down more bone tissue, thereby increasing its density

A

Wolff’s Law

104
Q

Sensory organ with a tendon that, when stimulated, causes an inhibition of the entire muscle group to protect against too much force

A

Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO)

105
Q

Prime movers for shoulder joint adduction during a wide-grip pull-up

A

Pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi

106
Q

4 primary types of tissue

A

Muscular, nervous, connective, and epithelial.

107
Q

Which of the four components of blood carries hormones, food materials, ions, and gases throughout the body?

A

Plasma

108
Q

When blood is flowing through the heart, where does it go after passing through the tricuspid valve?

A

Right ventricle

109
Q

Human breathing rate in LPM

A

Humans normally breathe approximately 5 to 6 liters of air per minute through the nose when at rest, but use the mouth as the primary passageway for air when ventilation is increased to approximately 20 to 30 liters per minute during exercise.

110
Q

Which movements take place in the frontal plane?

A 
Abduction
Adduction
Elevation
Depression
Inversion
Eversion
111
Q

Relative contribution of soft tissues to total resistance encountered by the joint during movement through its range of motion

A

Joint capsule (ligaments) - 47%
Muscle (fascia) - 41%
Tendons - 10%
Skin - 2%

112
Q

4 components of blood

A

Plasma, platelets, white blood cells, red blood cells

113
Q

Rotation of the foot to direct the plantar surface inward

A

Inversion

114
Q

The action of raising a muscle or bone, or a movement in a superior or upward direction

A

Elevation

115
Q

Rotation of the foot to direct the plantar surface outward

A

Eversion

116
Q

Which joint allows inversion and eversion of the foot

A

Subtalar joint

117
Q

4 major components of physical fitness

A

Muscular strength/Muscular endurance
Cardiovascular endurance
Flexibility
Body composition

118
Q

Proportion of lean body mass and body fat

A

Body composition

119
Q

Adipose tissue

A

Fatty tissue

120
Q

Primary role of body fat

A

Store energy for later use

121
Q

Amount of fat necessary for maintenance of life and reproductive function

A

Called “essential fat”
Men: 2-5%
Women: 10-13%

122
Q

Required to provide energy for cellular function

A

ATP

123
Q

Protein molecule in red blood cells specifically adapted to carry oxygen molecules

A

Hemoglobin

124
Q

The volume of air inspired per breath

A

Tidal volume

125
Q

Chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that affects genetically susceptible individuals in response to various environmental triggers such as allergens, viral infection, exercise, cold, and stress

A

Asthma

126
Q

An obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by the gradual destruction of lung alveoli and the surrounding connective tissue, in addition to airway inflammation, leading to reduced ability to effectively inhale and exhale

A

Emphysema

127
Q

A reduction in the number of red blood cells and/or quantity of hemoglobin per volume of blood below normal values

A

Anemia

128
Q

Cardiac output equation

A

Cardiac Output = HR x stroke volume

129
Q

Quantity of blood pumped per heartbeat

A

Stroke volume

130
Q

A decrease in the blood supply to a bodily organ, tissue, or part caused by constriction or obstruction of the blood vessels

A

Ischemia

131
Q

Where does production of ATP take place?

A

Mitochondria of the cells

132
Q

What is protein used for?

A

Growth or repair of cellular structures

133
Q

Without the presence of oxygen

A

Anaerobic

134
Q

The breakdown of glucose is called

A

Glycolysis

135
Q

In the presence of oxygen

A

Aerobic

136
Q

Ratio of the amount of carbon dioxide produced relative to the amount of oxygen consumed

A

Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER)

137
Q

The best indicator of cardiovascular endurance, it is the maximum amount of Oxygen that a person can use in one minute per kilogram of body weight.

A

VO2 Max

138
Q

Constant submaximal exercise below the lactate threshold where the oxygen consumption is meeting the energy requirements of the activity

A

Steady state

139
Q

How is muscle fiber distribution (fast twitch, intermediate, slow twitch) determined?

A

To a large extent by genetic makeup

140
Q

An increase in the cross-sectional size of a muscle in response to progressive resistance training

A

Hypertrophy

141
Q

Why is exercising at higher altitudes more difficult?

A

There is less pressure to drive the oxygen molecules into the blood as it passes through the lungs, therefore reducing the amount of oxygen in the blood.

142
Q

The process of breaking down fatty acids for the production of ATP

A

Beta oxidation

143
Q

The site for aerobic production of ATP

A

Mitochondria

144
Q

A category of hormones that stimulate the body to adjust to the increased metabolic demands of exercise

A

Catecholamines

145
Q

The process that results in preparing the body for exercise; fight or flight mechanism

A

Sympathetic stimulation

146
Q

The greatest amount of oxygen an individual can take in, transport, and use for physical work

A

Maximal aerobic capacity

147
Q

High-energy compount found within muscle cells used to supply energy for intense, short-duration activities

A

Creatine phosphate

148
Q

A metabolic by-product that causes changes in muscle pH and eventual muscle fatigue

A

Lactate

149
Q

The highest intensity that can be sustained for one to two hours in well-trained individuals

A

First Ventilatory Threshold

150
Q

The highest intensity that can be sustained for 30-60 minutes in well-trained individuals

A

Second Ventilatory Threshold

151
Q

Consists of muscles, bones, nervous tissue, skin, blood, and organs

A

Lean body mass

152
Q

The absence of menstruation

A

Amenorrhea

153
Q

The site for anaerobic production of ATP

A

Cytoplasm

154
Q

Hormone that promotes protein and triglyceride breakdown during prolonged exercise

A

Cortisol

155
Q

Hormone that plays a major role in bone formation and maintenance

A

Estrogen

156
Q

Hormone that increases cardiac output and causes glycogenolysis during exercise

A

Epinephrine

157
Q

Hormone that facilitates glucose removal from the blood

A

Insulin

158
Q

Hormone that limits sodium excretion in the urine to maintain electrolyte balance during exercise

A

Aldosterone

159
Q

Hormone that reduces the urinary excretion of water

A

Vasopressin

160
Q

Hormone that causes the release of free fatty acids into the bloodstream

A

Glucagon

161
Q

Hormone that facilitates protein synthesis in the body

A

Growth hormone

162
Q

The study of the form, pattern, or sequence of movement without regard for the forces that may produce that motion

A

Kinematics

163
Q

The branch of mechanics that describes the effects of forces on the body

A

Kinetics

164
Q

Newton’s First Law of Motion

A

A body at rest will stay at rest and a body in motion will stay in motion unless acted upon by an external force

165
Q

Newton’s Second Law of Motion

A

Force = mass x acceleration

166
Q

Newton’s Third Law of Motion

A

Every applied force is accompanied by an equal and opposite reaction force

167
Q

The force that starts or causes a movement

A

Motive force

168
Q

A force that resists the motion of another external force

A

Resistive force

169
Q

The muscle acts as a motive force and shortens as it creates muscle tension

A

Concentric

170
Q

The muscle acts as the resistive force and lengthens as it creates muscle tension, the muscle “puts on the brakes or slows the descent of the weight”

A

Eccentric

171
Q

Muscle contraction in which the muscle is stimulated to generate tension but little or no joint movement occurs

A

Isometric

172
Q

The muscle that causes a desired motion, also called a prime mover

A

Agonist

173
Q

The muscles that have the potential to oppose the action of the agonist

A

Antagonist

174
Q

Muscles that assist the agonist in causing a desired action, acting as joint stabilizers

A

Synergist

175
Q

Decreased muscle mass, often age-related

A

Sarcopenia

176
Q

Scapulothoracic articulation is the scientific name for the

A

Shoulder girdle

177
Q

A nutrient that is needed in large quantities for normal growth and development

A

Macronutrient

178
Q

A nutrient that is needed in small quantities for normal growth and development

A

Micronutrient

179
Q

How many calories per gram in carb, protein, fat?

A

4, 4, 9

180
Q

Carbohydrates consumed in the diet that are not immediately used for energy are stored as

A

Glycogen

181
Q

Up to a week-long regimen of manipulating intensity of training and carb intake to achieve maximum glycogen storage for an endurance event

A

Carb loading

182
Q

Storage of energy exceeds the amount expended

A

Positive energy balance

183
Q

Number of calories expended is greater than what is taken in

A

Negative energy balance

184
Q

The pacemaker for the heart

A

SA node

185
Q

The tendency of a connective tissue to slowly deform permanently (or lengthen) under the influence of applied stress such as stretching

A

Creep

ACE Personal Trainer (2 decks)

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