Human Flashcards

Question

China's growth into the worlds fastest economy

Answer 1

1986 – ‘open door policy’ – capitalist economy Massive population and abundance of natural resources provided for industrialisation Government spending on healthcare on education for 50 years provided a literate, healthy workforce Export Processing Zones – no duties or tariffs – (EPZ) have stimulated cheap mass manufacturing In 2001 China joined the WTO (World Trade Organisation) – TNCs invest 53% of exports are produced by foreign companies 60% of world trade since 2004 is because of China

Answer 2

Zhejiang Export Processing Zone Export values rose from $5 million to $29.4 million from 1978-2002 30% of worlds socks made here Governments ‘1000’ project – 1000km of high quality roads, 1000 kw power stations, improved 1000 farms Literacy now 100% after education became compulsory

Answer 3

* 20% of population lives on less than $1 a day * 70% of lakes and rivers are polluted * 360 million people live without access to unsafe drinking water * China has the top 16 dirtiest cities in the world

Answer 4

A country which migrants come from

Answer 5

A country which people migrate to

Answer 6

2002 UK expanded its Highly Skilled Migrant Programme - Attract the brightest foreign workers - Fill skills shortages - Attract lower skilled workers where it is harder to fill vacancies - Balance the UK's raging population

Answer 7

- Remittances are sent home (In 2006 it equaled $233 billion) - Creates a brain drain which slows countries development

Answer 8

The inequality of communications between places | Africa only had 34 million internet users in June 2007 compared to 322 million in Europe

Answer 9

Spain’s population growing at 2% per year Foreigners make up 9.3% of the population Ageing population – government encourages young migrants – 65% of migrants are between 16 and 44 Most migrants come from Morocco and Ecuador – Spain colonised them and they speak Spanish as the national language Recruits migrants for the three-D jobs (Dirty, dangerous and difficult) SAWS (Seasonal Agriculture Workers Scheme) – EU scheme to allow Eastern European countries to work in places such as Spain 250,000 British retire in Spain per year (enclave at Cost Del Sol and Alicante)

Answer 10

Before 2004 was a trading bloc with 15 members Movement easy since 1995 Schengen agreement Accession 10 in 2004 Accession 2 (Romania and Bulgaria) 2007

Answer 11

Better chance of seasonal or full employment than in their host country Better pay, training and career opportunities Higher GDP and purchasing power

Answer 12

Unemployment in source country - high unemployment in Poland so many moved to UK Change in political structure - Satellite states and centrally planned economies turn to privatisation since the fall of the USSR leading to the loss of state jobs and inward investment

Answer 13

'Replacement migration' - fill unemployment Fill 3D jobs Fill service jobs to support locals Fill seasonal jobs which locals do not undertake

Answer 14

Over 1 million migrated to Europe in 2015 136,00 people reaching Europe by sea since the start of 2016 UK promised to take 20,000 over five years First 1000 already in UK

Answer 15

Exploitation Trafficking Lack of social cohesion leads to extremism and violence - - November 2015 Paris Attacks - France has a large Muslim community that is excluded

Answer 16

Ageing population Increased personal wealth for private health care Increased national wealth and spending on NHS Both Labour and Conservative governments spending money on NHS Improved education and understanding of a health lifestyle 1.2 over 85s in UK

Answer 17

The number of 65s outnumbers the number of under 16s for the first time

Answer 18

After WW1 when soldiers returned home (early 1920s) From 1930s depression to end of WW2 there was a decrease birth rate Baby boom after WW2 with peak at over 1m in 1947 Early 1960s prosperity baby boom During late 80s and early 90s the women born from the 1960s boom entered a fertile age

Answer 19

Higher levels of divorce or separation (1/2) | Women perusing a career

Answer 20

Grey pound (lots of wealthy old people innit)

Answer 21

Rise in health problems such as heart disease and diabetes will strain the NHS Lack of specialised housing for the elderly Pensions crisis, lower dependency ratio and people claiming pension for longer

Answer 22

Cities of power due to trade, political strength and communications Major capitals such as London Commercial cities such as Shanghai

Answer 23

Population of over 10 million

Answer 24

• 24 million people • Rural pulls and urban pushes has caused suburban sprawl o Other Problems • Housing shortages • Urban tensions due to ethnic differences – 1992 race riots in Compton • Work – deindustrialisation has caused a loss in primary sector jobs • Waste – produces 50,000 tonnes of waste a day • Transport – 10 million vehicles, only 30% of people use public transport

Answer 25

o Hole in downtown area o Caused by car, tyre, steel and aircraft factories closing due to deindustrialisation o This leads to dereliction and concentrations of poorer people o Watts and Huntington Park are the poorest areas after the Long Beach area lost one million jobs • Holes in downtown have been filled by TNC headquarters

Answer 26

• Progressive Los Angeles Network (PLAN) o Require a minimum age from employers o Increase urban parks and clean up contaminated brownfield sites o Developers must build affordable houses in all areas o ‘Clean’ buses and new rapid bus lines o Promote smart growth land use where people can drive less nearer to where they work, shop, study and play o Ban new ‘big box’ retail stores which undermine local retail shops

Answer 27

Global Mumbai • Provides 33% of India’s entire tax revenue • 40% of international flights to India land in Mumbai • Rent in some parts of the city is higher than in London or New York • Globalization has led to Mumbai homing many TNCs such as Tata Steel ``` Hyper-urbanization • Hyper-urbanization – where the increase in urban population is happening so rapidly that the city can’t cope with the needs of the people • Home to 17 million people • 600 migrants arrive daily • By 2020 expected to have 26 million ```

Answer 28

Dharavi • 60% of Mumbai lives in poverty • 85% informal employment rate • 1 million people in 1 square mile Recycling • 80% of Mumbai’s waste is recycled in Dharavi – industry worth $1.5 million • Employs 10,000 children • 80% of plastic waste is recycled Pottery • Kumbharwada is the pottery zone in Dharavi • Pottery sold to an export company in the city

Answer 29

Began in 2004 Will create 1.1 million low-cost homes Slum populations will fall to 10-12% of their 2000 level Planned to build on Dharavi – land that costs $10 billion and is now owned by private and foreign investors Make governance more efficient and responsive – reduce the time needed for building approval Boost economic growth by 8-10% Build 305 green spaces Create 200,000 high end service sector jobs 500,000 jobs in construction, tourism and retail

Answer 30

Debt in central America means they deforest to earn foreign money, 500,000 km3 reduce to 90,000 km3 since late 1980s Burning of rainforests accounts for 25% of carbon emissions and loses a major carbon sink

Answer 31

* After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1989, Cuba faced crisis due to the loss of its subsidies * Began a ‘special period’ of development where it accepted foreign investment * Virgin Atlantic Airways began direct flights in 2004 * Varadero is a tourist enclave – due to all inclusive holidays where tourists don’t leave their resorts * Globalisation is diluting Cuban Culture – due to tourists and the internet * By 2005 there was 2.4 million tourists * In 2004 a new tourist currency was devised – ‘Cuban convertible peso’ – connected to US dollar

Answer 32

1985 – Live Aid – Raise money for drought in Ethiopia | November 2015 - COP 21 - 190 countries - with the aim of keeping global warming below 2°C.

Answer 33

Fair trade - More money goes to poor workers/farmers but as it becomes a larger scheme it is hard to monitor Ethically sourced goods - Consumers avoid purchasing goods made in 'sweatshop' conditions - GAP in 1990s got bad press Charitable donations and international aid - NGOs such as Oxfam and International governments collect money - can result in dependency such as the destruction of the clothing industry in Zambia from OECD donations Trade Reforms - To lower tariffs on low income country goods such as food from Africa, EU tariffs and subsidies means that food from within in EU is the much cheaper option - EU farmers do not like this

Answer 34

Recycling Collection, sorting and processing takes time and uses energy. Reduces landfill. It is a cleaner option than incineration. Provides raw materials. Composting produces humus that is good for soil. Local buying Fiji water is a notorious brand of water that is transported 16,000 km from Fiji to the UK, even though local water costs far less to the environment. Importing food during the winter will produce less carbon than growing it in heated greenhouses. Organic Buying Organic food is imported from abroad, making it energy intensive. Organic asparagus from Peru is flown to the UK. Reduces the environmental impacts of food being produced using pesticides and chemical fertilizers. Carbon Credits Scientists doubt the effectiveness of afforestation as a solution to climate change; it was therefore removed from the EU Emission Trading Scheme. UK’s Carbon Neutral Company offers individuals and organizations a chance to erase the environmental damage they have caused.