Human 1 - Globalisation Definitions Flashcards
Define Globalisation:
A process in which geographic distance becomes a factor of diminishing importance in the establishment and maintenance of cross-border economic, political, social-cultural and environmental relations. (Definition by Rudd Lubber)
Define Economic Globalisation:
The global flow and exchange of resources, goods, finance and services which is causing the growth of global companies, markets and finance
Define Political Globalisation:
The growth and development of political links / ties between countries and global political powers
Define Environmental Globalisation:
The growth of global environmental problems and widespread industrial pollution, often reacted to with world-wide campaigns
Define Cultural Globalisation:
The spread of cultural ideas and products across the globe through migration, social media and trade
What is a TNC?
A Trans-National Corporation is a company that operates in multiple countries
What are Remittances?
Remittances is the money earned in one country and sent to another (usually a home country).
E.g. Polish workers in the UK send money to their families back home in Poland
What is Global Interdependence?
It is where countries become reliant on one another through Political and/or Economic ties
What is the Spatial Division of Labour?
It is the distribution of different stages of economic activity across space, leading to the specialisation of work within particular places
Define Shrinking World:
Where the world seems a smaller place as everywhere is quicker and easier to reach, and geographic distance becomes less important
What is a Trade Bloc?
A Trade Bloc is a group of countries that work together to set rules and / or taxes upon their trade
What is the KOF Index?
It is an Index for measuring the globalisation of countries, made by the KOF Swiss Economic Institute. It considers Political, Social and Economic factors
What is the AT Kearney Index?
The AT Kearney Index measures the level of globalisation in cities and how their choices impact the world. It measures 5 dimensions: Business Activity, Human Capital, Information Exchange, Cultural Experience and Political Engagement
What is Free Trade?
Where there are little or no restrictions on the imports and exports between countries
What is Foreign Direct Investment? (FDI)
Foreign Direct Investment is the financial ‘injection’ by a TNC into a country’s economy (to build infrastructure etc)
What is China’s Open Door Policy?
China’s Open Door Policy was where, in 1978, the Chinese government reformed their Land, Economic and Migration laws. This greatly boosted GDP, manufacturing ability and reduced their communism as people where incentivised to work to make more money.
What are the 4 main strands of Globalisation?
The 4 main strands of Globalisation are;
Economic
Social
Political
Cultural
What are the 5 different types of Global Flows?
Capital - Movement of Money Information - Communication etc Commodities - Raw Materials etc Migrants - People moving Tourists - Holiday makers etc
What areas of Technology have had developments that have affected Globalisation?
Communication - Like the telephone and the internet
Transport - Including Air Travel & Containerisation
What are 3 Political and Economic factors that have affected Globalisation?
The World Trade Organisation (WTO) is an example of a global trade bloc (economic)
Trade Blocs - making trade easier in / between the countries involved (economic)
National Governments - Allowing the people to be represented (Political)
What is the Multiplier Effect?
Investment in the private sector
=
Direct Job Creation
=
Increased local spending by workers
=
Indirect Job Creation
=
Increased local demand for goods and services
Repeat
Define Global Shift:
Global Shift is the movement of economic activity around the world. Usually as a result of TNC’s wanting to reduce costs and increase profits
What does the term NIC stand for and mean?
A Newly Industrialised Country is a country that is newly industrialised (1960’s to 1970’s)
What does the term RIC stand for and mean?
A Recently Industrialised Country (RIC) is a country that has been more recently Industrialised (1980’s to 1990’s mainly but also onwards)
What is Deindustrialisation and where has it occurred?
Deindustrialisation is the movement of industry away from an area long term / permanently. Normally due to the least location being elsewhere
What are the different sectors of employment?
Primary Sector = Gathering resources eg, fishing & mining
Secondary Sector = Manufacturing
eg, Factory Worker
Tertiary Sector = Serving products eg, Teacher waitress etc
Quaternary Sector = Research and Development eg, Scientist
What is a Footloose Industry?
A Footloose Industry is an industry that can be located anywhere without factors like nearby resources and services affecting it. Easily moved around, like Call Centres, from UK to India then to Bulgaria
Define Outsourcing:
Outsourcing is when you get your resources / products from another source or supplier. Usually done to reduce costs or make transport easier etc
Define Offshoring:
Offshoring is where Industry end jobs are moved overseas. Generally done to reduce the cost of the service or resources etc
What is a Least Cost Location?
A Least Cost Location is the place where the costs of the resource / manufacturing / service is the lowest. Usually found in RIC’s
What is the difference between Immigration and Emigration?
Immigration is the people coming into the country. The migrants coming IN to a country.
Emigration is when people are leaving their country. The migrants found an EXIT to the county
What would class a migrant as an Economic Migrant?
An Economic Migrant is a Migrant who is migrating in search of better job opportunities and a better quality of life. They often send home remittances to their family from their “source county”
What’s the difference between a Host Country and a Source Country?
A Source Country is where migrants are emigrating / coming from. The source of the migrants.
A Host Country is where the migrants are immigrating into. The host for the arriving migrants
What makes a city a Megacity?
A Megacity is simply a city with a population of more than 10 million people within it. Like London, Tokyo, Dhaka etc
What is a Global Hub City?
A Global City Hub, or a World City, is a city that has influence worldwide with its decisions. Eg,
Social / Cultural = Paris, France
Economic / Political = London, England
What is Cultural Diffusion?
Cultural Diffusion is the spread and mixture of culture around the world
Define Cultural Imperialism:
Cultural Imperialism is the forced promotion of the culture of a nation / country onto another
Describe Soft Power:
Soft Power is the ability / power to shape the preferences of other countries through appeal and attraction
How is Culture spread?
Culture used to be mainly spread through art, music and domination of another nation to use cultural imperialism.
It is now mainly spread through radio, social media and other platforms like that
What is (Trade) Protectionism?
Protectionism, regarding Trade, is where a government can protect the countries own businesses from being overtaken by large companies by implementing tariffs and quotas for importing and exporting on the larger companies
What are Trade Tariffs and Quota’s?
Tariffs are taxes / charges implemented onto imports and exports.
Quota’s are like limits / amounts / volumes that are put on companies to ensure they don’t build too large a monopoly on their competition
How can a country be Switched off to globalisation?
A country can be switched off by not having access to the global internet, radio or other things such as TV. By also limiting trade and cultural influence, a county can be significantly less affected ,but not entirely immune, to the effects of globalisation
