huh Flashcards
– set of characteristics represented by the research variable
Data
– set of procedures used to make sense of the data collected
from the administration of research instruments
Data Analysis
– a non-experimental quantitative research designed to provide systematic information about a phenomenon
Descriptive Research
– involves manipulation of variables and employment of a treatment or intervention
Experimental Research
– a suggested solution for an unexplained occurrence that does not fit into current accepted scientific theory
Hypothesis
Non-Experimental Research –
type of research that does not involve the manipulation or control of independent variable
– a fact or situation that is observed to exist or happen, especially one whose cause or explanation is in question
Phenomenon
– a research approach with the end goal of seeking meaning and deeper understanding of a phenomenon
Qualitative Research
– a research approach focused on acquiring numerical data through the use of instruments
Quantitative Research
– the tool or device used to collect data
Research Instrument
– group of people, objects or items that are taken from a larger population for measurement
Sample
– a system of ideas intended to explain something and in which the practice of activity is based; it justifies a course of action
Theory
Quantitative research entails large number of respondents T/F
True
Quantitative research has a subjective approach to studying research problems. T/F
False (quati is objective)
In quantitative research, the results are limited since they are usually based on the analysis of numbers and are not obtained for detailed narratives. T/F
true
. Survey research tries to prove the significance of relationship between two or more factors or characteristics T/F
False (correlation)
The quasi – experimental research absolutely uses random selection in determining who among the participants should compose the experimental group or the control group. T/F
False (
true experimental sya
because: quasi doesn’t require random sampling
Data is in the form of words, pictures or objects. (quali or quanti)
qualitative
- The data is usually gathered using structured research instruments. quali o quanti
quanti
It is not based upon numerical measurements and does not use numbers and statistical methods as key research indicators and tools.
quali
It tends to be associated with small-scale studies and a holistic perspective, often studying a single occurrence or small number of occurrences/case studies in great depth.
quali
small scale - quali
Theresearch study can usually be replicated or repeated,give its high reliability.
quanti
replicated- quanti
Data are in the form of numbers and statistics, often arranged in tables, charts, figures, or other non-textual forms.
quanti
Emphasis is on discovery rather than proof.
quanti
The results are based on larger sample sizes that are representative of the population.
quanti
It tends to be associated with emergent research design, using a wide range of approaches.
quali
A researcher has a clearly defined research question to which objective answers are sought.
quanti
is an objective, systematic empirical investigation of observable phenomena through the use of computational techniques.
It focuses on numbers and their relationship with events.
Quantitative research
What are the two main approaches to collecting data in research?
qualitative and quantitative research.
What is the goal of qualitative research?
to seek meaning and deeper understanding of a phenomenon from the perspective of the participants.
How does quantitative research differ from qualitative research?
Quantitative research focuses on numerical data and statistical analysis,
qualitative research seeks to understand phenomena through observations, interviews, and open-ended questionnaires.
When you start to ask questions and seek for information to find answers, you are already doing ______.
______ is essential in obtaining solutions to various problems and in making life more convenient and meaningful.
Research
______, the end goal of the inquiry is to seek meaning and deeper understanding of a phenomenon as seen from the perspective of the participants.
qualitative research
What does quantitative research inquire about?
inquires about people’s views in a structured manner so that hard evidences and statistics that may be used, e.g. decision making, can be generated.
What is essential for obtaining consistent statistical results in quantitative research? :
survey a considerable number of people and get a representative sample of the target population
What does data collection in qualitative research involve?
observations, interviews, open-ended questionnaires, documentations, and focused group discussions.
What does data collection in quantitative research use?
it uses surveys and closed-ended questionnaires.
What are the characteristics of quantitative research?
Objective
Tests Theories or Hypotheses
Structured Research Instruments
Numerical Data
Large Sample Size
Replication
Objective of : Quantitative research
seeks accurate measurement and analysis of target concepts and the real or factual, not the emotional or cognitive existence of the object matters greatly. It is not based on mere intuitions and guesses.
Tests Theories or Hypotheses: In quantitative research,
By proving or disproving it through the use of statistics.
Structured Research Instruments of quantitative
Data are normally gathered using structured research tools such as questionnaires to collect measurable characteristics of the population like age, socio-economic status, number of children, among others
Numerical Data of quantitative
Data are in the form of numbers and statistics, often organized and presented using tables, charts, graphs, and figures that consolidate large numbers of data to show trends, relationships or differences among variables.
Large Sample Size of quantitative
The sample size depends on how the characteristics of the population but it is assumed that the sample is representative of the population
Replication in quanti
A reliable quantitative study can be repeated to verify or confirm the correctness of the results in another setting. This strengthens the validity of the findings that can result in the elimination of the possibility of spurious conclusions.
What should you be aware of when choosing a research methodology?
be aware of what a certain research methodology or design can or cannot provide and understand what information it can tell you that can help ascertain things in your daily life.
what are the 6 strengths of quantitative research?
- allows the researcher to measure
and analyze the data to arrive at an objective answer to the problem posed or stated. - The result is reliable since the study uses a big sample of the population.
Standards are usually used in choosing the instruments, in sampling procedures, and in choosing the most appropriate statistical treatment thus making the research replicable.
Personal biases can be avoided since personal interaction is not part of the research process.
Processes involved are simplified since the steps in doing quantitative research are made easy and systematic.
Results can be reduced through statistical treatments and interpreted in a few statements.
allows the researcher to measure
and analyze the data to arrive at an objective answer to the problem posed or stated.
strength of quanti
The result is reliable since the study uses a big sample of the population
strength of quanti
Standards are usually used in choosing the instruments, in sampling procedures, and in choosing the most appropriate statistical treatment thus making the research replicable.
strength of quanti
Personal biases can be avoided since personal interaction is not part of the research process.
strength of quanti
Processes involved are simplified since the steps in doing quantitative research are made easy and systematic.
strength of quanti
Results can be reduced through statistical treatments and interpreted in a few statements
strength of quanti
What are the weaknesses of quantitative research?
The context of the study or the experiment is ignored in such a way that it does not consider the natural setting where the study is conducted.
Having a large study sample requires researchers to spend more resources.
Results are limited since they are usually based on the analysis of numbers and are not obtained from detailed narratives.
It provides less elaborate accounts of human perceptions.
In experimental research, the level of control might not be normally placed in the real world because it is usually
done in a laboratory.
Preset or fixed alternative answers may not necessarily reflect the true answers of the participants.
Findings can be influenced by the researcher’s perspective since most of the time the participants are unknown to him/her.
The context of the study or the experiment is ignored in such a way that it does not consider the natural setting where the study is conducted
weaknesses of quanti
Having a large study sample requires researchers to spend more resources.
weaknesses of quanti
Results are limited since they are usually based on the analysis of numbers and are not obtained from detailed narratives.
weaknesses of quanti
It provides less elaborate accounts of human perceptions.
weaknesses of quanti
In experimental research, the level of control might not be normally placed in the real world because it is usually done in a laboratory.
weaknesses of quantitative
Preset or fixed alternative answers may not necessarily reflect the true answers of the participants.
weaknesses of quantitative
Findings can be influenced by the researcher’s perspective since most of the time the participants are unknown to him/her.
weaknesses of quantitative
A means for testing objective theories by examining the relationship between measurable variables.
meaning of quantitative
A means for exploring and understanding the meaning individuals or groups ascribe to a social or human problem
meaning of qualitative research
To gain a detailed understanding of underlying reasons, beliefs, and motivations.
objective of qualitative research
To quantify data and extrapolate results to a broader population.
objective of quantitative research
To understand why, how, and what is the process, and what are the influences of contexts.
purpose of qualitative research
To measure, count, and quantify a problem: How much? How often? What proportion?
purpose of quantitative research
Textual (words).
type of data does qualitative research use
Numeric data (numbers)
type of data does quantitative research use
Quality (nature, essence).
focus of qualitative research
Quantity (how much, how many).
focus of quantitative research
Understanding, description, discovery, hypothesis-generating.
goal of investigation in qualitative research
Prediction, control, description, confirmation, hypothesis-testing.
goal of investigation in quantitative research
Flexible, evolving, emerging.
design characteristics of qualitative research
Predetermined, structured.
design characteristics of quantitative research
Familiar, natural.
setting for qualitative research
Artificial, unfamiliar.
setting for quantitative research
Participants or interviewees.
Who makes up the study population in qualitative research
Subjects or respondents
Who makes up the study population in quantitative research
Small, non-random, theoretical, purposive, or use of chosen samples based on criteria.
sample size in qualitative research
Large, random, representative.
sample size in quantitative research
Researcher as primary instrument, in-depth interviews, observation, focus group discussion.
How is data collected in qualitative research
Inanimate instruments (scales, tests, surveys, questionnaires, computers).
How is data collected in quantitative research
Inductive (by researcher), interpretive analysis.
mode of analysis in qualitative research
Deductive (by statistical methods).
mode of analysis in quantitative research
Comprehensive, holistic, expansive.
findings in qualitative research
Precise, reductionist, narrow.
findings in quantitative research
To develop an initial understanding; to identify and explain behavior, beliefs, or actions.
outcome of qualitative research
To identify prevalence, averages, and patterns in data; to generalize to a broader population
outcome of quantitative research
Deliberately interacts with participants in a personal way; free to use intuition and judgment as bases for deciding how to frame questions or to conduct observations.
role of the researcher in qualitative research
Is objective, impartial, and detached; there is intersubjective reliability; thus, researchers adhere strictly to the scientific method or to a formal set of procedures in collecting and analyzing data.
role of the researcher in quantitative research
