Hugo's Portion

Question 1

What did Carolus Linneaus do for science? And when was he around

Answer 1

Around in the 18th century, in 1753 he established a system of naming organisms still used today. Called Binomial nomenclature

Question 2

In which order does binomial nomenclature go?

Answer 2

Genus, species, last name of Taxonomic Authority and lastly year of description.

Question 3

What is a Holotype (Type specimen)?

Answer 3

Is a preserved specimen, a permanent reference for a scientific name.

Question 4

What are the roles of natural history museums?

Answer 4

To acquire, conserve, restore, manage, & exhibit natural history collections, living & inert organisms collections and databases.

Specialize in Taxonomy, biodiversity, and conservation.

Understanding diversity and its origin— evolutionary history

Question 5

Define Species?

Answer 5

Organisms classified based on their appearance (observable phenotypes).

Question 6

What is the morphological species concept?

Answer 6

Identifies/distinguishes species based on Morphology, which mean its outside appearance (shape, structure, colour, pattern) and the form and structure of the internal parts (bones and organs)

Question 7

What differentiates the yellow-throated warblers and myrtle warblers?

Answer 7

Distinguished by the colour of its feathers on the throat and the rump.

Question 8

What is wrong with the morphological species concept?

Answer 8

Som species are morphologically very similar but have extreme variation within a single species. Makes it difficult to distinguish intraspecific variation from interspecific differences in morphology.

Question 9

What is the ecological species concept?

Answer 9

Species are defined in terms of their ecological niches, focussing on unique adaptations to a biological community.

Question 10

What is the biological species concept?

Answer 10

A species is a group of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups, interbreeding. Must produce viable offspring (not hybrids).

Question 11

What types of barriers prevent reproduction? Hint: there’s 2

Answer 11

Prezygotic reproductive barriers (ex: habitat, temporal, behaviour) and postzygotic reproductive barriers (ex: hybrid inviability, hybrid sterility, hybrid breakdown, all of which develop into sterile adults)

Question 12

Pre-zygotes reproductive barriers: what is habitat isolation?

Answer 12

Species may occupy different habitats and have no contact with the other species.

Question 13

Pre-zygotes reproductive barriers: what is temporal isolation?imk

Answer 13

Morphologically similar but breed in different seasons so interspecific mating doesn’t happen

Question 14

Pre-zygotes reproductive barriers: what is Behavioural isolation?

Answer 14

Little to no sexual attraction because of differences in behaviour or physiology, even though their morphologies are similar. Ex: blue footed boobie, which only matte after elaborated courtship ritual that is unique to its own species

Question 15

Pre-zygotes reproductive barriers: what is mechanical isolation?

Answer 15

Structural differences that adapt to certain organisms (usually sexual organs). Good example is that some flowers are only pollinated by hummingbirds while others are only pollinated by bees.

Question 16

Pre-zygotes reproductive barriers: what is gamete isolation?

Answer 16

Male and female gametes die before uniting or fail to fuse. Good example is red and purple sea urchin, sperm and eggs are released into the water but cannot fuse together, preventing cross-breeding.

Question 17

Post-zygotic reproductive barriers: what is Hybrid Inviability?

Answer 17

Hybrid zygotes fail to develop or to reach sexual maturity, it dies to soon, usually pay based on difference of chromosomes from each parent.

Question 18

Post-zygotic reproductive barriers: what is hybrid sterility?

Answer 18

Similar to inviability, except the embryo develops into a sterile adult.

Question 19

Define the term-Fixity species

Answer 19

All modern organisms are unchanged descendants of their ancestors. Very religious belief.

Question 20

What important concepts did J-P Lamarck determine from fossils?

Answer 20

1. New species have appeared gradually
2. All species rates of change are unequal
3. Species do not re-appear after becoming extinct

Question 21

What were the three key events during Darwin’s voyage and what was their significance to him developing the theory of evolution?

Answer 21

1. Darwin experienced an earthquake in Chile in 1835: found that rocks lined with recent marine shells were now elevated above the tide.
2. Species varied slightly from place to place: raised him to ask the question of why similar species lived in neighbouring regions.
3. Visited the Cocos Islands: found only 20 species of plants, very little diversity on this island.

Question 22

What was John Gould’s contribution to science?

Answer 22

He aided in the theory of evolution, studied specifically the Galápagos Islands finches, very similar in morphology to that in South America.

Question 23

What are the steps to evolution? Think of the bird picture

Answer 23

Starts with a uniform population, then when a random mutation occurs through sexual reproduction, you see a change in the population. Then their becomes a situation where the individuals with certain inherited traits who are better able to survive and reproduce in a particular environment live on. These advantageous traits become more common in the next generation. Grow generation to generation, natural selection causes population to change, or adapt, which can eventually result in the development of a different species.

Question 24

What was Darwin’s evidence for common ancestors?

Answer 24

limbs of mammals have very different functions but have similar skeletal structure.

Question 25

Define natural selection

Answer 25

Evolutionary process by which alleles that increase the likelihood of survival and reproductive success of individuals that carry them become more common in subsequent generations.

Question 26

What are the 6 supporting evidence to the theory of evolution?

Answer 26

Artificial selection, fossil and fossil record, comparative embryology, biogeography, convergent evolution.

Question 27

Evidence to support the theory of evolution: Describe artificial selection

Answer 27

Selective animal and plant breeding don’t by humans over many years is much faster than natural selection.

Question 28

Evidence to support the theory of evolution: Describe fossil and fossil records

Answer 28

Fossils show multiple examples of transitional forms. Many fossils link extinct species with modern species.

Question 29

Evidence to support the theory of evolution: Describe comparative anatomy

Answer 29

Morphologically similar species suggest a relationship. However, only homologous structures are used to infer evolutionary relationships because they are derived from a common ancestor (bones, the arms of humans, cats, whale and bat are all similar).

Question 30

What are the 3 terms that allow us to believe in the correlation of ancestry between animals?

Answer 30

Similar ancestry (homologous characters), similar functions (analogous characters), similar appearance (homoplasious characters)

Question 31

Evidence to support the theory of evolution: Describe comparative embryology (animals).

Answer 31

Commonality of early stages, specifically the blastula, gastrula suggest common ancestry.

Question 32

Evidence to support the theory of evolution: Describe biogeography

Answer 32

Geographical distribution of species through geological timeline. For example, there is a sharp distinction of water between NW and SE Indonesia, but they have similar climate and terrain, but yet different animals.

Question 33

Evidence to support the theory of evolution: Describe convergent theory

Answer 33

Adaptation to the environment, two species can be unrelated but develop similar traits that allow them to adapt to the similar environments or ecological niches.
Natural selection tends to favour this because similar environments leads to similar adaptations.

Question 34

What are the two types of evolution, within evolution?

Answer 34

Micro-evolution which leads to changes in populations, more variance. And macro-evolution which leads to the formation of an entirely new species.

Question 35

re all phenotypes inherited through genes?

Answer 35

No! Some can be environmentally associated. Ex: flamingos are pink because of their diet. Should note that ONLY genetic changes result in evolutionary adaptations.

Question 36

What is a population?

Answer 36

a group of individuals belonging to the same species who occupy a particular geographical region and potentially interbreed with each other.

Question 37

What is cryptic colouration?

Answer 37

A type of camouflage, reducing the risk of exposure to predators.

Question 38

What is the difference between camouflage and mimicry?

Answer 38

Camouflage is used to blend into the background and go undetected, while mimicry is mimicking a different species to scare off its predators

Question 39

What are the two types of mimicry?

Answer 39

Bayesian mimicry- form of mimicry where a HARMLESS species imitates a HARMFUL species so that other predators avoid it.
Mullerian mimicry- very similar to convergent evolution where similar harmful species look alike to warn off predators.

Question 40

What is sexual dimorphism?

Answer 40

Phenotypic differences between male and female. Evolved through natural selection, may give individuals a mating advantage.

Question 41

What is the difference between intrasexual selection and intersexual selection?

Answer 41

Intrasexual selection happens between members of the same sex, for example competing for a female or territory, often times in physical combat. Intersexual selection happens between members of the opposite sex, female’s choice

Question 42

What is the difference between natural selection and sexual selection?

Answer 42

Natural selection is selects the best members for survival; climate, predators, competitors, and disease do the selection.
Sexual selection is selects the best reproducers; selecting is done by members of the opposite sex.

Question 43

Patterns of evolutionary change: What is Anagenesis?

Answer 43

Where a single species becomes a new species over the course of many generations. Usually happens in an isolated area where they have no choice but to change. Evolution is within a single lineage.

Question 44

Patterns of evolutionary change: What is Cladogenesis?

Answer 44

Divergence of a single species into two or more species. Promotes biological diversity by increasing number of species. More common than Anagenesis. Evolution is in a branching pattern.

Question 45

What is speciation? And What are the two types of speciation that we need to know in this class?

Answer 45

The process leading to the formation of new species, source of biological diversity.
The two types:
Allopathic speciation- occurring in separate non-overlapping geographical areas
Sympatric speciation- occurring within the same geographical area

Question 46

What is significant about Allopatric speciation?

Answer 46

It involves splitting up a population into 2 or more geographically separated populations, usually separated by a mountain, river, glacier etc.

It also makes for no gene flow between isolated population. Population may become genetically unique over time, partially due to natural selection.

Good example of this is the difference of pork fish on either side of panama, due to the fish being separated during Pangea.

Question 47

What are the three major effects of micro evolution?

Answer 47

Genetic drift- a random change in allele frequencies, important in smaller populations, and can reduce genetic variability (genetic pool becomes homogeneous).
Founder effect- few individuals starting new population, results in a loss of genetic variation.
Population bottleneck- reduction of alleles due to population reduction.

Question 48

Describe what a population bottleneck occurrence is.

Answer 48

Gene pool starts very diverse, but once a random environmental event happens, it kills a large number of individuals in the population, usually resulting in the most abundant species surviving and the more unique once’s dying off. Think of it as marbles in a bottle.