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PHRM 824 > Hudmen review questions > Flashcards

Hudmen review questions Flashcards

1
Q

Uterus enlargement during pregnancy is mainly caused by:
A. Commonly caused by atrophy and protein degradation
B. Hormone-induced hypertrophy of uterus smooth muscle cells
C. Hormone-induced hyperplasia of endometrium.
D. Hormone-induced metaplasia of uterus smooth muscle cells
E. A and B

A

B

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2
Q

Uterus enlargement during pregnancy is mainly caused by:

A. Hormone-induced hypertrophy of endometrium
B. Hormone-induced hypertrophy of uterus smooth muscle cells
C. Hormone-induced hyperplasia of endometrium.
D. Hormone-induced metaplasia of uterus smooth muscle cells
E. A and B

A

B

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3
Q

Which of the following may develop into cancer?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Hypertrophy
C. Metaplasia
D. A and B
E. A and C

A

E

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4
Q

Hyperplasia is likely caused by:

A. Increased workload
B. Increased growth factors or hormones
C. Chronic irritation
D. Increased protein synthesis
E. All of the above

A

B

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5
Q

The liver has a very high capacity to regenerate after surgical resection. This is caused by:

A. A significant increase in the cell size of remaining hepatocytes
B. A transdifferentiation of clotted platelets and other blood cells into hepatocytes
C. An increased proliferation of the remaining hepatocytes
D. A migration of regenerated hepatocytes in the bone marrow into the liver
E. None of the above

A

C

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6
Q

Barrett’s esophagus is the result of:
A. Hypertrophy of the squamous epithelial cells in the lower part of esophagus
B. Hyperplasia of the squamous epithelial cells in the lower part of esophagus
C. Metaplasia of the squamous epithelial cells in the lower part of esophagus
D. Atrophy of the squamous epithelial cells in the lower part of esophagus
E. A and B

A

C

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7
Q

Identify the FALSE statement about dysplasia.

A. Cells can have an increase in size
B. Cells can have a decrease in size
C. Cells are organized as normal cells
D. Dysplasia can be associated with chronic irritation
E. Dysplasia is considered as a precursor lesion.

A

C

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8
Q

(T/F) The hyperplasia associated with formation of terminal end buds (TEBs) and ductal elongation during puberty in breast is a pathological process seen only in breast cancer.

A

F

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9
Q

T/F) During menopause, breast cancer may develop due to aberrant estrogen receptor activation.

A

T

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10
Q

(T/F) Estrogen binding to its cytoplasmic receptor leads to activated estrogen receptor moving to the nucleus where it functions to enhance gene transcription.

A

T

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11
Q

(T/F) Hyperplasia in the smooth muscles cells of the uterus is primarily responsible for uterine enlargement during pregnancy.

A

F

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12
Q

(T/F) Hormone (excess estrogen)-induced hyperplasia in endometrium occurs during menopause due to reduced progesterone signaling.

A

T

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13
Q

(T/F) Dysplasia is characterized by abnormal changes in cell structure/number and can be a precursor to cancer.

A

T

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14
Q

Which of the following is the typical characteristics of irreversible cell injury?

A. Cellular swelling
B. Lipid droplets in the cytoplasm
C. Swelling of endoplasmic reticulum
D. Lack of ATP generation
E. All of the above

A

D

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15
Q

Calcium influx during cell injury can cause the following

A. Activation of ATPase
B. Activation of phospholipase
C. Activation of protease
D. Activation of endonuclease
E. All of the above

A

E

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16
Q

ATP depletion can inhibit protein synthesis by the following mechanism.
A. Na+ pump does not function
B. Increased anaerobic glycolysis
C. Mitochondria swelling
D. Clumping of nuclear chromatin
E. Detachment of ribosomes

A

D

17
Q

(T/F) Cellular swelling accompanies both reversible and irreversible cell injury.

A

T

18
Q

(T/F) Hypoxia is described as inadequate oxygenation of the body.

A

T

19
Q

(T/F) Myocardial cell death following an ischemic episode is visualized within minutes on a light microscopy.

A

F

20
Q

Increased oxidative stress often cause cell injury by the following mechanisms EXCEPT:

A. Disruption of plasma membrane
B. Disruption of organelles
C. Inactivation of some enzymes
D. Induction of DNA damages
E. Decreased protein degradation

A

E

21
Q

The following may reduce oxygen free radicals and reactive oxygen species in cells EXCEPT:

A. Superoxide dismutase
B. Glutathione peroxidase
C. Catalase
D. Vitamin E
E. All of the above

A

E

22
Q

Increased membrane permeability can be caused by the following:

A. Phospholipid loss
B. Lipid breakdown products
C. Damage to cytoskeletal proteins
D. A and B
E. A, B and C

A

E

23
Q

The following sites of membrane damage are involved in cell injury EXCEPT?

A. Mitochondrial membrane
B. Plasma membrane
C. Lysosomal membrane
D. ER membrane
E. All of the above

A

D

24
Q

(T/F) Free radical formation following in cells following laser irradiation chemically reduces cell structures like lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

A

F

25
Q

(T/F) Calcium overload is an injurious agent that can inappropriately activate enzymes that damage cellular homeostasis.

A

T

26
Q

Intrinsic apoptotic pathway may be activated by the following EXCEPT?

A. Radiation-induced DNA damages
B. Protein missfolding-induced ER stress
C. Growth factor withdrawal
D. Binding of Fas ligand to its receptor
E. All of the above

A

D

27
Q

The role of cytochrome C in apoptosis is to:

A. Increase mitochondrial membrane permeability
B. Degrade Bcl-2
C. Activate initiator caspases
D. Phosphorylate and activate endonucleases
E. All of the above

A

D

28
Q

Which of the following molecules can increase mitochondrial membrane permeability?

A. Bcl-2
B. Bax
C. Cytochrome c
D. TNF
E. Caspase-3

A

B

29
Q

Which of the following statements about apoptosis and necrosis is TRUE?

A. Apoptosis and necrosis can occur under both physiological and pathological conditions.
B. Cell size is enlarged when apoptosis or necrosis occurs.
C. Inflammation in surrounding cells and tissue can be seen when cells undergo apoptosis.
D. DNA is fragmented into nucleosome size when necrosis occurs.
E. None of the above.

A

E

30
Q

(T/F) Unlike necrosis, apoptosis is never observed physiologically.

A

F

31
Q

(T/F) Common pathological causes of apoptosis include DNA damage and accumulation of missfolded proteins.

A

T

32
Q

(T/F) Procaspase-3 binds Cytochrome C to induce formation of the apoptosome.

A

F

PHRM 824 (8 decks)

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