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HUBS191 > HUBS191 > Flashcards

HUBS191 Flashcards

1
Q

Name 4 different types of tissues

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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2
Q

What does Epithelial tissue do?

A

Covers exposed surfaces
Lines internal passageways and chambers
Forms secretory glands

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3
Q

What does Connective tissue do?

A

Fills internal spaces
Provides structural support
Stores energy

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4
Q

What does Muscle tissue do?

A

Contracts to produce movement
Includes skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle and smooth muscle

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5
Q

What does Nervous tissue do?

A

Conducts electrical impulses
Carrier information

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6
Q

Epithelial tissue includes…

A

Epithelial, exocrine glands and endocrine glands

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7
Q

Connective tissue includes…

A

Loose and dense tissue
Blood and lymph
Cartilage and bone

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8
Q

Muscle tissue includes…

A

Skeletal tissue
Cardiac tissue
Smooth tissue

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9
Q

Nervous tissue includes

A

Muscles
Glands
Adipose tissue

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10
Q

Feedback

A

When the controlled variable moves too far from the set point and responses from the body attempt to move the variable back to “normal”

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11
Q

Feedforward

A

When there is an anticipation of an event that will alter a controlled variable, so may do something to minimise the effect

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12
Q

Anterior

A

Front facing half (closer to the front)

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13
Q

Posterior

A

Back facing half (closer to the back)

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14
Q

Superior

A

close to the head

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15
Q

Inferior

A

closer to the feet/lower half of the body

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16
Q

Medial

A

closer to the middle part of the body

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17
Q

Lateral

A

closer to the sides of the body

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18
Q

Proximal

A

closer to the centre of the body

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19
Q

Distal

A

further away to the centre of the body

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20
Q

Foot movement in coronal plane

A

Inversion (in) Eversion (out)

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21
Q

Circumduction in 4 movements

A

Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction

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22
Q

2 types of bone tissue

A

Compact bone
Cancellous bone

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23
Q

Compact bone is…

A

strong
good at transmitting force in one direction

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24
Q

What is cancellous bone

A

light, spongy bone
Shock absorbing
Resits and channels forces that comes from different directions

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25
Q

Bone classes includes…

A

Long bone
Short bone
Irregular bone
Flat bone

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26
Q

What makes a long bone

A

levers for movement
Thicker compact bone in diaphysis

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27
Q

What makes a short bone

A

Mostly cancellous bone
Weight bearing

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28
Q

Name 2 divisions of the skeleton

A

Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton

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28
Q

Axial skeleton includes

A

The skull
The vertebral column
Rib cage

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29
Q

Appendicular skeleton includes

A

Limb skeleton

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30
Q

Bone tissue composition includes

A

Connective tissue
Organic and Inorganic components

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31
Q

33% ECM is organic, what is in it?

A

Collagen
Ground substance (proteoglycans)

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32
Q

Four types of cells in bones

A

Osteogenic
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

33
Q

67% of ECM is inorganic, what is in it?

A

Hydroxyapatite and other calcium minerals (mineral salts)

34
Q

What does the bone cells do

A

It balances the bone destruction and formation that means the amount of bones stays the same

35
Q

Osteogenic

A

Stem cells that produce osteoblasts

36
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Produces new bone matrix

37
Q

Osteocytes

A

Recycle protein and minerals from matrix

38
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Remove bone matrix

39
Q

Structure of Compact bone

A

Osteon structure

40
Q

Structure of Cancellous bone

A

Trabecular structure

41
Q

Anatomy of the compact bone

A

Macroscopically
Osteons
Central canal
Lamallae
Canaliculi

42
Q

What is Macroscopically

A

Outer surfaces seem dense and impenetrable periosteum
Foramina/holes for bloody supply

43
Q

What is macroscopically made up of

A

lamallae and osteons

44
Q

What is osteon

A

It is a lengthwise unit within the compact bone

45
Q

What is in the central canal

A

It contains blood vessel and nerves

46
Q

What is Lacunae

A

Spaces where the bone cells are present

47
Q

What is canaliculi

A

Channels for osteocytes through ECM

48
Q

What makes up the cancellous bone

A

Trabeculae
Marrow
Osteocytes

49
Q

What is endochondral ossification

A

Process of turning cartilage into bone

50
Q

Functions of joints and what does it involve

A

Holds bones together
Involves bone ends and soft tissue
Allows control of movement

51
Q

Name 2 key soft tissues

A

Cartilage
DFCT

52
Q

What makes up the Hyaline tissue

A

Hyaline
Fibrocartilage

53
Q

What makes up the DFCT tissue

A

Ligaments
Tendons
Joint capsules

54
Q

Function of Hyaline cartilage and why it is important

A

Resists compression
Without it, bones will rub causing friction which causes damage on the nervous system and cause pain

55
Q

Function of Fibrocartilage and why it it is important

A

Resists compression and tension
Distributes weight on bones, some bones do not fit together so ti wedges itself so there are no gaps

56
Q

What are ligaments made of

A

Collagen and elastin

57
Q

What are ligaments for

A

Resists movement and tension
Allow a little strength and recoil

58
Q

Tendons attaches…

A

Muscle to bone

59
Q

What is bone congruence

A

Sum of bone surface that form an articulation

60
Q

What is MCL
What does it connect
What movement does it resist

A

Medial collateral ligament
Connect femur to the tibia
Resists abduction

61
Q

What does LCL connect to and what does movement does it resist

A

Connects femur to fibula
Resists adduction

62
Q

Bones are held together by…

A

Joint capsule and ligaments

63
Q

Which parts of a synovial joint ensure smooth and frictionless movement

A

Hyaline and synovial fluid

64
Q

Plane joint

A

Multiaxial

65
Q

Hinge joint

A

Uniaxial
Movements are flexion and extension

66
Q

Pivot joint

A

Uniaxial
Movement in rotation

67
Q

Condylar joint

A

Biaxial
Flexion and Extension

68
Q

Ellipsoid joint

A

biaxial
Flexion and extension

69
Q

Saddle joint

A

Biaxial
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, obligatory rotation

70
Q

Ball and socket joint

A

Multiaxial
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, rotation

71
Q

Actin

A

Thin filaments

72
Q

Myosin

A

Thick filaments

73
Q

Muscle fibre is lined by a cell membrane, what is it called

A

Sacrolemma

74
Q

What are Transverse tubules and what is it for

A

Tube like extensions of the sarcolemma
To get signals down into the cells

75
Q

Sacroplasmic reticulum (SR)

A

Extensive membrane network associated with the T tubules at regular intervals

76
Q

Excitation- cobtracting coupling (EC Coupling)

A

Pairing of a signalling event with a mechanical event

77
Q

What is The voltage gated sensor

A

Receives signals from the t-tubules and interacts with the ryanodine receptors.

78
Q

What is the ryanodine receptors

A

A passive calcium channel on the SR that can open to allow Ca out into the cell

79
Q

What is the SR calcium ATpase

A

An active Ca pump that uses ATP to move Ca out into the cell gradient, ending the excitation

HUBS191 (1 decks)

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