HUBS191

Question 1

Name 4 different types of tissues

Answer 1

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

Question 2

What does Epithelial tissue do?

Answer 2

Covers exposed surfaces
Lines internal passageways and chambers
Forms secretory glands

Question 3

What does Connective tissue do?

Answer 3

Fills internal spaces
Provides structural support
Stores energy

Question 4

What does Muscle tissue do?

Answer 4

Contracts to produce movement
Includes skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle and smooth muscle

Question 5

What does Nervous tissue do?

Answer 5

Conducts electrical impulses
Carrier information

Question 6

Epithelial tissue includes…

Answer 6

Epithelial, exocrine glands and endocrine glands

Question 7

Connective tissue includes…

Answer 7

Loose and dense tissue
Blood and lymph
Cartilage and bone

Question 8

Muscle tissue includes…

Answer 8

Skeletal tissue
Cardiac tissue
Smooth tissue

Question 9

Nervous tissue includes

Answer 9

Muscles
Glands
Adipose tissue

Question 10

Feedback

Answer 10

When the controlled variable moves too far from the set point and responses from the body attempt to move the variable back to “normal”

Question 11

Feedforward

Answer 11

When there is an anticipation of an event that will alter a controlled variable, so may do something to minimise the effect

Question 12

Anterior

Answer 12

Front facing half (closer to the front)

Question 13

Posterior

Answer 13

Back facing half (closer to the back)

Question 14

Superior

Answer 14

close to the head

Question 15

Inferior

Answer 15

closer to the feet/lower half of the body

Question 16

Medial

Answer 16

closer to the middle part of the body

Question 17

Lateral

Answer 17

closer to the sides of the body

Question 18

Proximal

Answer 18

closer to the centre of the body

Question 19

Distal

Answer 19

further away to the centre of the body

Question 20

Foot movement in coronal plane

Answer 20

Inversion (in) Eversion (out)

Question 21

Circumduction in 4 movements

Answer 21

Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction

Question 22

2 types of bone tissue

Answer 22

Compact bone
Cancellous bone

Question 23

Compact bone is…

Answer 23

strong
good at transmitting force in one direction

Question 24

What is cancellous bone

Answer 24

light, spongy bone
Shock absorbing
Resits and channels forces that comes from different directions

Question 25

Bone classes includes...

Answer 25

Long bone Short bone Irregular bone Flat bone

Question 26

What makes a long bone

Answer 26

levers for movement Thicker compact bone in diaphysis

Question 27

What makes a short bone

Answer 27

Mostly cancellous bone Weight bearing

Question 28

Name 2 divisions of the skeleton

Answer 28

Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton

Question 28

Axial skeleton includes

Answer 28

The skull The vertebral column Rib cage

Question 29

Appendicular skeleton includes

Answer 29

Limb skeleton

Question 30

Bone tissue composition includes

Answer 30

Connective tissue Organic and Inorganic components

Question 31

33% ECM is organic, what is in it?

Answer 31

Collagen Ground substance (proteoglycans)

Question 32

Four types of cells in bones

Answer 32

Osteogenic Osteoblasts Osteocytes Osteoclasts

Question 33

67% of ECM is inorganic, what is in it?

Answer 33

Hydroxyapatite and other calcium minerals (mineral salts)

Question 34

What does the bone cells do

Answer 34

It balances the bone destruction and formation that means the amount of bones stays the same

Question 35

Osteogenic

Answer 35

Stem cells that produce osteoblasts

Question 36

Osteoblasts

Answer 36

Produces new bone matrix

Question 37

Osteocytes

Answer 37

Recycle protein and minerals from matrix

Question 38

Osteoclasts

Answer 38

Remove bone matrix

Question 39

Structure of Compact bone

Answer 39

Osteon structure

Question 40

Structure of Cancellous bone

Answer 40

Trabecular structure

Question 41

Anatomy of the compact bone

Answer 41

Macroscopically Osteons Central canal Lamallae Canaliculi

Question 42

What is Macroscopically

Answer 42

Outer surfaces seem dense and impenetrable periosteum Foramina/holes for bloody supply

Question 43

What is macroscopically made up of

Answer 43

lamallae and osteons

Question 44

What is osteon

Answer 44

It is a lengthwise unit within the compact bone

Question 45

What is in the central canal

Answer 45

It contains blood vessel and nerves

Question 46

What is Lacunae

Answer 46

Spaces where the bone cells are present

Question 47

What is canaliculi

Answer 47

Channels for osteocytes through ECM

Question 48

What makes up the cancellous bone

Answer 48

Trabeculae Marrow Osteocytes

Question 49

What is endochondral ossification

Answer 49

Process of turning cartilage into bone

Question 50

Functions of joints and what does it involve

Answer 50

Holds bones together Involves bone ends and soft tissue Allows control of movement

Question 51

Name 2 key soft tissues

Answer 51

Cartilage DFCT

Question 52

What makes up the Hyaline tissue

Answer 52

Hyaline Fibrocartilage

Question 53

What makes up the DFCT tissue

Answer 53

Ligaments Tendons Joint capsules

Question 54

Function of Hyaline cartilage and why it is important

Answer 54

Resists compression Without it, bones will rub causing friction which causes damage on the nervous system and cause pain

Question 55

Function of Fibrocartilage and why it it is important

Answer 55

Resists compression and tension Distributes weight on bones, some bones do not fit together so ti wedges itself so there are no gaps

Question 56

What are ligaments made of

Answer 56

Collagen and elastin

Question 57

What are ligaments for

Answer 57

Resists movement and tension Allow a little strength and recoil

Question 58

Tendons attaches...

Answer 58

Muscle to bone

Question 59

What is bone congruence

Answer 59

Sum of bone surface that form an articulation

Question 60

What is MCL What does it connect What movement does it resist

Answer 60

Medial collateral ligament Connect femur to the tibia Resists abduction

Question 61

What does LCL connect to and what does movement does it resist

Answer 61

Connects femur to fibula Resists adduction

Question 62

Bones are held together by...

Answer 62

Joint capsule and ligaments

Question 63

Which parts of a synovial joint ensure smooth and frictionless movement

Answer 63

Hyaline and synovial fluid

Question 64

Plane joint

Answer 64

Multiaxial

Question 65

Hinge joint

Answer 65

Uniaxial Movements are flexion and extension

Question 66

Pivot joint

Answer 66

Uniaxial Movement in rotation

Question 67

Condylar joint

Answer 67

Biaxial Flexion and Extension

Question 68

Ellipsoid joint

Answer 68

biaxial Flexion and extension

Question 69

Saddle joint

Answer 69

Biaxial Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, obligatory rotation

Question 70

Ball and socket joint

Answer 70

Multiaxial Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, rotation

Question 71

Actin

Answer 71

Thin filaments

Question 72

Myosin

Answer 72

Thick filaments

Question 73

Muscle fibre is lined by a cell membrane, what is it called

Answer 73

Sacrolemma

Question 74

What are Transverse tubules and what is it for

Answer 74

Tube like extensions of the sarcolemma To get signals down into the cells

Question 75

Sacroplasmic reticulum (SR)

Answer 75

Extensive membrane network associated with the T tubules at regular intervals

Question 76

Excitation- cobtracting coupling (EC Coupling)

Answer 76

Pairing of a signalling event with a mechanical event

Question 77

What is The voltage gated sensor

Answer 77

Receives signals from the t-tubules and interacts with the ryanodine receptors.

Question 78

What is the ryanodine receptors

Answer 78

A passive calcium channel on the SR that can open to allow Ca out into the cell

Question 79

What is the SR calcium ATpase

Answer 79

An active Ca pump that uses ATP to move Ca out into the cell gradient, ending the excitation