Hubs191 Flashcards
What 4 basic types of tissue make up the body?
Epithelial Tissue, Connective tissue, Muscle and Nervous Tissue
Functions of the Epithelial Tissue?
- Provide physical protection (covers exposed surfaces)
- Control permeability
- Provide sensation
- Produce specialised secretions (lines internal passageways and chambers)
- Forms secretory glands
Epithelial Tissue Includes?
Epithelia, Glands
Connective Tissue subcategories?
- Connective Tissue Proper
- Fluid Connective Tissue
- Supporting Connective Tissue
What are the Muscle tissue subcategories?
-Skeletal Muscle Tisssue
-Cardiac Muscle Tissue
-Smooth Muscle Tissue
Functions of Epithelial Tissue?
-Covers exposed surfaces
-Lines internal passageways and chambers
- Forms secretory glands
What is a tissue?
A group of cells that have similar structure that function together as a unit.
What is the study of tissues called?
Histology
Role of the Nervous Tissue/
- Conducts electrical impulses
- Carries information
What are glands?
Organised groups of cells or organs that contain epithelial-derived cells that synthesise substances for secretion.
What are the 2 types of glands?
Exocrine glands and Endocrine glands.
Role of exocrine glands?
Secrete onto external surfaces or into internal passageways (ducts) that connect to the exterior.
Role of endocrine glands?
Secrete hormones (chemical messagers) or their inactive precursors into the interstitial fluid that then enter the bloodstream for distribution.
Write the muscle tissue percentages
MT=50%
CT=45%
ET=3%
NT=2%
Which tissue includes blood and lymph?
Connective tissue
What tissue forms glands
Epithelial
What tissue allows information to be quickly sent around the body?
Nervous tissue
What tissue is divided into skeletal, cardiac, and smooth?
Muscle tissue
Anterior
Close to the front
Posterior
Close to the back
Superior
Closer to the top of head
Medial
Closer to the midline of the body
Inferior
Further away from the top of head
Lateral
Further away from midline of the body
Proximal
Another term for close
Distal
Another term for further away
Sagittal (shark fin)
Back and forward movements eg.
Coronal (crown)
Side to side movements
Transverse (bagel)
rotating movements
Flexion
Decreases angle, fleshy parts of limb brought closer together
Extension
Increases angle
Dorsiflexion
Toes to the face (ankle flextion)
Plantar flexion
Toes to the ground (ankle extension)
Abduction
Movement at joint moves limb away from midline
Adduction
Movement at joint moves towards midline
Circumduction
Combination of four movements
Rotation
Rotation around the long axis of a joint
Pronation
Palm faces posterior
Supination
Palm faces anterior and forearm bones are parallel
Functions of the skeleton
- Support
- Movement
- Protection
- Storage
- Red blood cell info
Name the 2 types of bone tissue
Compact bone, cancellous
Name the different bone classes
Long bone, short bone, flat bone and irregular bone
Axial Skeleton
- Bones of the core (Skull, sternum, ribs, vertebral, column, sacrum, coccyx)
- protection of vital organs
Appendicular Skeleton
- Bones of the limbs
- Most important for movement
Name the vertebral column divisions and the number
Cervical 7, Thoracic 12, Lumbar 5, Sacrum and coccyx
What bone is the Humerus/Femur
Single proximal long bone
What bones are the Ulna and Radius/ Tibia and Fibula
Two distal long bones
Bones in the hand
- carpals (8)
- Metacarpals (5)
- Phalanges (14- only 2 in the thumb)
Bones in the foot
- Tarsals (7)
- Metatarsals (5)
- Phalanges (14)
How do the limbs attach to the axial skeleton?
Pectoral (shoulder) girdle and Pelvic girdle
What makes up the pectoral girdle?
Clavicle and Scapula
What makes up the Pelvic girdle?
Hip bones ( ilium, pubis, ischium) , sacrum, and coccyx
Difference between biological male and female pelvic anatomy?
- Pelvic cavity of biological females more circular
- Pelvic outlet more open in biological females
The skull includes:
Cranium, facial bones, cranial bones
Bone has 2 extracellular components:
Write the percentages along with it.
Organic (33%) and Inorganic (67%)
Name the 4 different cells in bone:
- Osteogenic cells
- Osteoblasts
- Osteocytes
- Osteoclasts
Osteon
Provide a pathway for nutrients to get cells in the ECM
Central canal
Contains blood vessel and nerves
Lamellae
A series of cylinders formed of ECM around the central canal
Lacunae
Lakes for osteocytes
Canaliculi
Channels for nutrients through ECM
Bone remodelling
- Allows bones to grow (appositional growth)
- Osteoblasts add bone matrix in lamellae
- Osteoclasts remove bone from medullary cavity
Bone homeostasis
- Balance of OB and OC activity
- Bone is constantly being formed/ destroyed
What happens if homeostasis isn’t maintained?
- Body has requirements to maintain homeostasis
- Get an imbalance in osteoblastic/ osteoclastic activity
Osteoporosis
- Loss of cortical bone
- In cancellous bone trabeculae become thinner
- Compression fractures of vertebrae
Why do only some people get osteoporosis?
- biological females more at risk
- Lifestyle factors
- Depends on your start point
