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Week 1 > Hubs > Flashcards

Hubs Flashcards

1
Q

Structure and example of epithelial cells

A

Densely arranged cells with little extracellular matrix
Outer layer of skin
Lining of respiratory, digestive etc

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2
Q

Function of epithelial cells

A

Glandular activity
Covers and protects body surfaces
Lines cavities
Transports substances

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3
Q

Structure and example of connective tissue

A 
Sparsely arranged cells
Large proportion of matrix containing structural fibres
Collegenous fibres
loose, adipose, reticular, dense.
Bones Cartilage Tendons Ligaments Blood
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4
Q

Function of connective tissue

A

Defend from microorganisms
Transport substances
Storage, movement, support

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5
Q

Structure and examples of muscle tissue

A

Long fiber-like
Skeletal Smooth cardiac
Heart, arm muscles, leg muscles, stomach muscles etc.

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6
Q

Function of muscle tissue

A

Body movements

heat

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7
Q

Structure and examples of nervous tissue

A 
Mix of many cell types
Axon transmit nerve impulses away
Dendrites carry nerve impulses towards
Tissue of brain
Spinal chord
Nerves
Sensory organs
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7
Q

Define homeostasis

A

Homeostasis is the maintenance of realitivly constant condition in the internal environment in the face of external or internal change.

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8
Q

Function of nervous tissue

A

Communications between cells and organs

regulation/integration of body functions

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9
Q

Why is ECf regulated in multicellular organisms

A

To maintain the RMP
To retain homeostasis
Keep life processes going at optimal conditions

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10
Q

Normal range of Ca2+

A

2.1-2.6

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11
Q

Normal range of Na+

A

135-145

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12
Q

Normal range of Normal glucose

A

3.5-8

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13
Q

Normal range of fasting glucose

A

3.5-6

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14
Q

Normal range of K+

A

3.5-5

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15
Q

Passive transport mechanisms

A

Simple diffusion
Osmosis
Carrier mediated transport
Channel mediated transport

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16
Q

Why is it important to maintain sodium ECF?

A

Action potential in nerve and muscle tissue.
A high concentration of Na+ in ECF decreases the water content in the cells it surrounds, this causes the cell to shrink.

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17
Q

Active transport mechanisms

A

Ion pumps
Normal pumps
Exocytosis
Endocytosis

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18
Q

Define osmosis

A

Osmosis is the net movement across a partially permeable membrane down its own concentration gradient.
Water moves from areas of low solute concentration to areas of high solute concentration

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19
Q

Define osmolarity

A

Osmolarity is a measure of the total number of solute particles per solution. Normally 275-300

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21
Q

Define tonicity

A

Tonicity refers to the effect that a solution has on cell volume. Tonicity depends on type of solute.
Hypertonic= high solute concentration so cell shrinks
Hypotonic= low solute concentration so cell swells
Isotonic= normal/ the same concentration as the cell

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21
Q

Significance of RMP

A

Excitable tissue such as nerves and muscles must be able to change their RMP or else conditions such as cardiac arrhythmics may occur

22
Q

Define RMP

A

The resting membrane potential is an electrical potential that exists across the cell membrane and is due to different concentrations of ions each side of the membrane and their respective permeabilities to it. approx. -70 mV

23
Q

Process of creating RMP

A

Potassium ions diffuse out of the cell due to the concentration gradient, leaving behind a negative charge.
Potassium ions outside the cell are attracted to the negative charge on the inside so want to move back in
RMP created when these two forces equal/come to equilibrium

24
Q

Define controlled variable

A

A controlled variable is an internal or external condition that must be kept constant in order for homeostasis

25
Q

Define set point

A

The set pint is the value at which the variable is at optimum. Eg 37 degrees for body temperature

26
Q

Define reference range

A

The acceptable limits for the variable

27
Q

Why is there variability in control variable values between individuals?

A

Eg age. Blood pressure has a higher range of values in old people than in young people because more blood is needed to supply oxygen through degenerating capillaries.
Context must be taken into consideration when interpreting physiological measurements

28
Q

Define negative feedback

A

Negative feedback control system works to stabilise physiological variables.

29
Q

Define positive feedback

A

Positive feedback works to amplify the variable away from the set point. Eg childbirth

30
Q

Define feed forward

A

Feed forward systems anticipate the effect of the stimulus before the variable changes.

31
Q

Describe the physiological control systems for thermoregulation

A

Changed body temperature detected by hypothalamus
Compares to set point (37)
Sends nerve impulses to muscles to start shivering if cold
Sends nerve impulses to surface blood vessels to contract if cold
Sends nerve impulses to surface blood vessels to expand if warm
Sends nerve impulses to glands to start sweating is warm

32
Q

Ways in which the body loses heat

A

Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Evaporation

33
Q

Physiological example of positive feedback

A

Childbirth
Contractions and stretch detected by stretch receptors
Information via nerves to hypothalamus and pituitary gland
Release hormone oxytory which stimulates stronger, more frequent contractions

34
Q

A cute symptoms of diabetes

A

Inability to synthase ATP so starves cell, causes degeneration of tissue
Urine has a high concentration of glucose so water moves out of cells osmotically, so dehydration
Liver breaks down glycogen and amino acids so blood glucose levels further increased.

35
Q

Chronic symptoms of diabetes

A 
Heart attack
Stroke
Renal failure
Retinal damage
Poor wound healing
Peripheral nerve damage 
Susceptibility to infection
36
Q

What is the sensor for positive feedback on childbirth?

A

Stretch receptors down there

37
Q

What is the effector in positive feedback in childbirth?

A

Hormone oxytocin

38
Q

Which ion contributes most to RMP?

A

Potassium

39
Q

What is the interpreter for positive feedback in childbirth?

A

Hypothalamus and pituitary gland

40
Q

Insulin is produced why which cells?

A

Beta cells in pancreatic islets

41
Q

Why do potassium ions move out of cells?

A

Because of the concentration gradient

42
Q

How is the resting membrane potential created?

A

When the amount of potassium ions moving out of the cell balances the force of attraction of potassium ions going towards the cell

43
Q

What is the sodium potassium pump?

A

Active transport of Three sodium ions are exchanged for two potassium ions (potassium in)

44
Q

What is not appropriate in the hubs lab?

A

Consuming food, drink, including gum and lozenges

45
Q

Each lab has the potential to add how much to your final grade in hubs 191?

A

1%

46
Q

Which of the following is NOT an example of homeostasis?
A. Sweating to cool the body
B. Excreting dilute urine to rid the body of excess water
C. Use of ADH to regulate water concentration in the blood
D. Using a thermometer to measure body temperature
E. Removing clothing to prevent an increase in core body temperature.

A

D

47
Q

The term ‘negative feedback’ is defined as:
A. Predicting and preventing deviation of a variable from a set point value.
B. Predicting and increasing deviation of a variable from a set point value.
C. Detecting and increasing deviation of a variable from a set point value.
D. Detecting and correcting deviation of a variable from a set point value.
E. Detecting and maintaining deviation of a variable from a set point value.

A

D

48
Q

The knee is (what) to the hip?

A

Distal

49
Q

The movements of abduction and adduction are possible in which anatomical plane?

A

Coronal

50
Q

A cell is placed into a solution and begins to shrink. This indicates that the solution is:

A

Hypertonic

51
Q

What organelle is responsible for the production of ATP within cells?

A

Mitochondria

52
Q

Which of the following is not one of the basic tissue types within the body?
A. Nervous.
B. Connective.
C. Muscle.
D. Epithelial.
E. Blood.

A

E

Week 1 (1 decks)

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