HUBS 191 Flashcards
What are the two key types of soft tissues?
DFCT and Cartilage
What are the two key types of cartilage?
Hyaline/Articular and Fibrocartilage.
What are some examples of DFCT that help make up joints in the body?
Ligaments, Tendons and joint capsules.
What is the difference between a ligament and a tendon?
Ligaments connect BONE to BONE and tendons connect MUSCLE to BONE.
What are the key components of cartilage?
Chondrocytes, and ground substance with imbedded collagen .
What are Chondrocytes?
Cartilage cells that produce extracellular matrix (this is what give the tissue its properties and nature)
What is the purpose of collagen in cartilage?
To resist tension.
What is the purpose of water within cartilage?
To resist compression.
Which type of cartilage holds much more water (ground substance) and much less collagen and is good at resisting compression?
Hyaline/ Articular
which type of cartilage has a high quantity of collagen and less ground substance but still enough to resist compression alongside tension?
Fibrocartilage.
What is the purpose of a joint?
Joints are how our skeletons move. How muscle pulls on the bone is how our bones articulate, bones articulate at joints. A joint usually involves two bone ends moving against each other. Soft tissues connect the bones or cover the ends. Muscle attach to the bones to cause movements at the joint.
What does Hyaline cartilage do and where is it found?
Hyaline cartilage moulds to the surface of bones creating a smooth surface and allowing them to rub together frictionlessly, to make smooth movements. We find hyaline cartilage on the articulating surfaces/ends of bones.
What does Fibrocartilage do and where is it found?
Fibrocartilage acts as a shock absorber that distributes force more evenly across a joint and deepens bone articulation. This tissue is anywhere in the body that needs to resist both pushing and pulling forces (compression and tension) e.g at the intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis or menisci.
Cartilage is Avascular, what does this mean?
Avascular means that it contains no blood vessels. Blood vessels are how we get nutrients places, we cannot easily get nutrients into cartilage due to its avascular nature. This is why cartilage breaks down easily as we get older or when we get injured. This is also makes cartilage difficult to replace.
How do we get nutrients into cartilage?
Joint loading
What is joint loading?
As cartilage is avascular chondrocytes receive nourishment via diffusion from the surrounding environment. The compressive forces that act on cartilage increase the diffusion of nutrients.
What is DFCT and what is it made of?
DFCT, also known as dense fibrous connective tissue is made of fibroblasts- cells that create collagen and contribute to the formation of connective tissue. DFCT is very tightly packed together, collagen, fibroblasts and some elastin fibres leave little room for ground substance/water. the lack of water makes it bad at resisting compression but the high collagen content makes it good at resisting tension
What are some differences between the make up of fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage?
Fibrocartilage is tough and has little flexibility, whereas Hyaline cartilage is much more flexible. fibrocartilage resists both tension and compression due to its high concentration of collagen fibres and presence of some ground substance. Hyaline cartilage resists has a very high water content (and low collagen content), allowing to to resist compression.
what are the three joint classifications?
Fibrous, Cartilaginous and Synovial.
what are Fibrous joints made of? how much movement do they have?
Fibrous joint are made of DFCT and have very limited movement.
what are cartilaginous joints made of? how much movement do they have?
Cartilaginous joints are made up of either Hyaline cartilage or Fibrocartilage and they allow some movement but not heaps.
what are synovial joints made of? how much movement do they allow?
synovial joints allow the larges range of motion among the three joint types. synovial joints are made of many components including hyaline cartilage that covers the bone ends, synovial fluid that allows for frictionless and smooth movement, ligaments made of DFCT and the joint capsule.
what is the purpose of synovial fluid?
to lubricate the joint allowing for smooth frictionless movement. to deliver nutrients to the cartilage through joint loading.
Synovial joints have a wide range of movement. depending on the shape of the bone ends and the way they fit together (bony congruence) S. joints can be Uni, Bi, or multi axial. Name the 7 types of Synovial joints…
Pivot, Ellipsoid, Condylar, Ball and socket, Plane, Saddle, Hinge.
Give an example of a pivot joint… is it Uni, Bi, or multi-axial?
Pivot joints are Uniaxial and only carry out rotational movements. An example of a pivot joint is the Radioulnar joint in the forearm and the joint between the C1 and C2 vertebrae.
Give an example of a hinge joint… is it Uni, Bi, or multi-axial?
Hinge joins are uniaxial and only preform movements such as flexion and extension (movements on the coronal axis- or on the sagittal plane). an example of a hinge joint is the elbow.
Give an example of a Plane joint… is it Uni, Bi, or multi-axial?
plane joints are multiaxial and move in a ‘sliding/gliding’ motion. examples of plane class joints include the sternoclavicular joint, inter-carpal and inter-tarsal joints.
Give an example of a Ellipsoid joint… is it Uni, Bi, or multi-axial?
ellipsoid joints are biaxial and perform flexion, extension, abduction and adduction movements. This means Ellipsoid joints can carry out circumduction. The Radiocarpal, metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints.
Give an example of a Saddle joint… is it Uni, Bi, or multi-axial?
saddle joints are Biaxial (+) and carry out flexion, extension, abduction and adduction- and therefore circumduction, as well as obligatory rotational movements such as opposition. an example of a saddle joint is the metacarpal bone of the thumb.
