HUBS 191 Flashcards
What is homeostasis?
Maintenance of ‘normal’ bodily functions
What is feedback?
Body responses to move variable back to ‘normal’
What is feedforward?
Anticipation of event altering variable
What is the Sagittal plane?
Divides body into left and right peices
What is the coronal plane?
Divides the body into front and back sections
What is the transverse plane?
Divides body into top and bottom sections.
What is flexion?
Decrease angle, brings limb parts closer
What is extension?
Increases the angle, moves libs parts apart
What is abduction?
Movement away from the midline
What is adduction?
Movement towards the midline
What is compact bone?
Strong bone type good at transmitting force in one direction
What is cancellous bone?
Light, spongy bone type that is shock-absorbing and resists forces from multiple directions
What are long bones?
Bones longer than they are wide, acting as levers for movement
What are short bones?
Bones with equal width and length, mostly cancellous and weight-bearing
What are flat bones?
Thin plates of compact bone, usually for muscle attachment and protection.
What is the axial skeleton?
Core bones for protection of the vital organs, such as skull, sternum, ribs, vertebral column, sacrum and coccyx
What is the appendicular skeleton?
Limb bones typically used for movement
What is the pectoral girdle?
Bones connecting upper limbs to the axial skeleton, including clavicle and scapula
What is the pelvic girdle?
Bones connecting lower limbs to the axial skeleton, including hip bones and sacrum
What is the bone matrix?
Living tissue that has cells and a calcified matrix
What is the osteoporosis?
Bone pathology due to lack of homeostasis.
What is the osteoblasts?
Cells that produce new bone matrix
What are osteocytes?
Mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix. They are in lacunae. They direct nutrients throughout the canaliculi
What are osteoclasts?
Cells that remove the bone matrix
What is compact bone?
Dense bone with circumferential lamellae and osteons
What is cancellous bone?
Spongy bone with trabeculae and marrow cavities
What is the trabeculae?
Struts of lamellar bone in cancellous bone
What is the osteopenia?
Imbalance in the osteoblastic/osteoclastic activity
What is hydorxyapatite?
Inorganic component of bone ECM
What is collagen?
Organic component of bone ECM
What is Endochondral ossification?
Process of turning cartilage into the bone
What is the Epiphyses?
Ends of long bones that remain cartilage during bone growth
What is articulated cartilage?
Types of hyaline cartilage that covers the articulating surfaces of bones
What is fibrocartilage?
Type of cartilage that resists compression and tension
What are ligaments?
Connective tissue that connect bone to bone
What are tendons?
Connective tissues that connect muscle to bone
What is the primary ossification center?
First site in a long bones where bone tissue begins to replace cartilage
What is the secondary ossification center?
Site in the bone where the bone tissue replaces cartilage in the ends of long bones
What are synovial joints?
Joints that allow a wide range of movement and are the most common types of joint in the body
What are fibrous joints?
Joints with limited movement and provide stability, such as cranial sutures
What are cartilaginous joints?
Joints where bones are connected by cartilage, allowing for some movement
What is oppositional growth?
Bone growth in width due to osteoblast activity producing circumferential lamellae
What is hyaline cartilage?
Smooth cartilage covering bone ends for frictionless movement
What is the joint capsule?
Structure holding bones together, with an inner synovial membrane
What is the Articular capsule?
Cartilage covering bone ends where the articulate
What are cruciate ligaments?
Ligaments inside the joint that restricts displacement of bones
What is the meniscus?
Fibrocartilaginous pad providing cushioning and shock absorbing
What is uniaxial?
Movement around one axis
What is biaxial?
Movement around two axes
What is multiaxial?
Movement around many axes
What is diffusion?
Movement of molecules from high to low concentration
What is osmosis?
Movement of water across membrane to equalise solute concentration
What is resting membrane potential?
Electrical gradient at rest with more negative charge inside the cell
What is depolarisation?
Entry of positive ions into the cell during a signalling event
What is repolarisation?
Removal of positive ions to return the cell to its resting potential
What is isotonic?
Equal solute concentration inside and outside the cell
What is hypertonic?
Higher solute concentration outside the cell
What is hypotonic?
Lower solute concentration outside the cell
What is the chemical gradient?
Uneven distribution of molecules across a membrane
What is an electrical gradient?
Uneven distribution of charges across a membrane
What is excitable cells?
Cells that use movement of ions for signaling
What is a passive channel?
Allows movement of ions down their gradients
What is skeletal muscle?
Muscle type under voluntary control that applies force to bones for movement and posture
What is the sarcomere?
Repeating unit within myofibrils made of actin and myosin filaments, giving muscle it’s striated appearance
What is the excitation-contraction coupling?
Pairing of signaling event (excitation) with mechanical event (contraction) in muscle cells
What are T-tubules?
Tube-like extensions of sarcolemma conducting electrical signals deep into muscle fibres
What is the Sarcoplasmic reticulum?
Membrane network storing and releasing calcium in muscle cells during contraction and relaxation
What are fascicles?
Bundles of muscle fibres within a muscle
What is a muscle fibre?
A singular muscle cell that contains, hundreds or thousands of nuclei
What is DHPR?
Receives signals from the T-tubules and interacts with the RyR
What is RyR?
A passive calcium channel on the SR that can open to allow calcium ions out into the cell
What is the SERCA?
An active calcium pump that uses ATP to move calcium ions into the SR, which ends the excitation.
What is the order of the muscle fibre to a muscle?
Muscle fibre to fascicles to muscles
What is the cross bridge cycle?
It is the process of getting myosin and actin ready to create a contraction.
What is stage 1 of the cross bridge cycle?
The attached stage, the point where the muscle just contracted and is ready to be released.
What is stage two of the cross bridge cycle?
The released state, uses ATP to release the myosin heads and gets ready to contract again.
What is the third stage of the cross bridge cycle?
The cocked state, ATP is hydrolysed into ADP, this energy is stored in the myosin heads
What is the fourth phase of the cross bridge cycle?
The cross-bridge state, when no Ca2+ ions are present in the myofilament, the myosin heads will bind with a new point on the actin.
What is the fifth stage of the cross bridge cycle?
The power stroke state, this is when a Phosphate group is released, this makes the myosin heads change conformation which results in a power stroke, the filaments slide past each other.
What does actin do?
Actin is in thin filaments, a structural scaffold that runs along the myofilament.
What are myosin filaments?
They are made from myosin proteins, at the end they have myosin heads which are the points that act upon the actin.
What happens during a single contraction of the muscle?
A single pulse of Ca2+ which is released into the cytoplasm from the SR, this is called a twitch.
What happens when many action potentials are fired?
This results in a in a sustained release of Ca2+ from the SR, a sustained reaction between the actin and myosin, and results in a sustained contraction called summation.
What happens when the maximum contraction capacity is met?
This is when the muscle meets the maximum signaling and contraction capability of the muscle, at which the force will plateau. This is called tetanus.
What are the key parts of muscle tension?
The number of fibres activated and the rate at which these fibres are activated?
What does the amount of neurons activated mean?
A low amount means less force will be produced, the more the stronger the force will be. The process of activating more is called recruitment.
What are the properties of fast fibres?
They are larger (more force is produced to do harder things) , white in colour, needs less blood which makes them fatigued quicker.
What are the properties of slow fibres?
Smaller (as they are used for regular daily activities), needs more blood to make them fatigue slower, has more mitochondria, takes longer till peak tension, red in colour
What are the properties of a plane joint?
Multiaxial, sliding/gliding, such as the carples/tarsles
What are the properties of a hinge joint?
Uniaxial, flexion/extension, ankle or elbow joint
What are the properties of pivot joints?
Uniaxial, rotation, radioulnar joint
What are the properties of a condylar joints?
Biaxial, flexion/extension and rotation (when flexed), knee/temporomadibular joint
What are the properties of an Ellipsoid joint?
Biaxial, adduction/abduction and circumduntion, wrist joint or base of the thumb
What are the properties of a saddle joint?
Biaxial (+), circumduction and opposition, carpometacarple joint
What are the properties of a ball and socket joint?
Multiaxial, circumduction and rotation, hip and shoulder joints
What are joint ROM based on?
Bone and shape, ligament location + length, body surface contact, muscles
What is bony congruence?
Is the sum of bone surfaces that form an articulation, less means more soft tissue support needed, more means that it is more stable and less soft tissue needed.
What is an osteon?
Is a whole on the bone that allows nerves and blood vessels through
What is a lamellae?
Small plates that form bone barrels which make up compact bone
What are lacunae?
Lakes containing an osteocyte that is left behind by the osteoblasts during the remodelling process.
What is the first part of the human tissue act?
Voluntary donation of bodies.
What is the second part of the human tissue act?
Requires dual signed Vincent by the donor and immediate family member
What is the third part of the human tissue act?
Most big dies are kept for 18 months, however body parts can be kept for longer periods for teaching and research, which is allowed under the act.
What is does epithelial tissue do?
Covers exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways and chambers, forms secretory glands (produces and releases substances)
What does connective tissue do?
It fills internal spaces, provides structural support, stores energy
What does muscle tissue do?
Contracts to produce movement, includes skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle
What does nervous tissue do?
Conducts electrical impulses, carries information
What is the anatomical position?
Upright, face forwards, feet together, palms face forward, remains the same regardless of movement
What is superior?
Above
What is inferior?
Below
What is medial?
Closer to mid line
What is lateral?
Further from mid line
What is proximal?
Closer to the center or point attached to the body e.g. hip/shoulder
What is distal?
Further from the centre or further from the point which connects to the body e.g. toes or fingers
What does deep mean?
Further from surface
What does superficial?
Closer to the surface
What is dorsiflexion?
Decreasing angle at ankle hinge
What is plantar flexion?
Increase the angle of ankle hinge
What is inversion?
When the sole of the foot faces towards the mid line
What is eversion?
When the sole of the foot turns away from the mid line
What it rotation?
It is the rotation around the joint on the long axis
What is pronation?
Palm faces posterior, forearm bones cross over
What is supination?
palm faces anterior and forearm bones are parallel
What are irregular bones?
Does not fit any category of bone, usually has a hole (foramen, used for things to pass through)
What are the different vertebrae?
C1-C7 (cervical)
T1-T12 (thoracic)
L1-L5 (lumbar)
How many carpels and tarsals are there?
8 carpels, 7 tarsals
Differences in the pelvis between men and women?
The sub pelvic circle, the pelvic outlet is more circular and wider allowing for child birth.
What is a canaliculi?
Channels for nutrients to travel to locates through the ECM
Do osteons make up most of your compact bone?
Yes
What does DFCT mean?
Dense fibrous connective tissue.
What is a canaliculi?
Channels in Bone ECM that distribute nutrients to the osteocytes and the rest of the bone ECM.
