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HUBS 191 > HUBS 191 1-15 > Flashcards

HUBS 191 1-15 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal muscle?

A

Support
Movement
Protection
Storage
Red blood cell formation

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2
Q

What are the two gross structures of the bone and their functions?

A

Compact - strong, good at transmitting force in one direction

Cancellous - light, spongy bone, shock absorbing, resist and channels forces that come from multiple directions

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3
Q

What is compact bone made of?

A

Osteons - run in units all the way down the bone structure

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4
Q

What is cancellous bone made of?

A

Trabecular

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5
Q

What are the 4 different bone classes?

A

Long
short
flat
irregular

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6
Q

How does a long bone reflect their function?

A
  • Thin diaphysis
  • Wide ephysis
  • Made up limbs that act as leavers
  • transmit force in only one direction - diaphysis - compact
  • mostly limb bones
  • ephysis - cancellous SA
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7
Q

How does a short bone reflect their function?

A

equal length and width
mainly cancellous bone as weight bearing from multiple directions

eg carpals and tarpals

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8
Q

How does a flat bone reflect their function?

A

usually in muscle attachments areas eg scapula
- since flat increase SA for MA eg scapula

Also protection eg skull, sternum

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9
Q

How does a irregular bone reflect their function?

A

various shapes and functions
often has formania eg pelvis

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10
Q

What does the axial Skelton consist of?

A
  • Bones of the core
  • protects vital organs
    skull, sternum, ribs, VC, sacrum and coccyx
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11
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

A

Bones of the limbs
most important for movement

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12
Q

Skulls

A

Bones vault the skull - incase brain
muscle attachment sites for face and neck
join at immovable sutures to allow for growth

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13
Q

Facial bones

A

protect + support sensory organs

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14
Q

Rib cage

A

rib attached to sternum via cartilage and vertebrae posteriorly
12 each side
20 attach via costal cartilages
protection of heart and lungs

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15
Q

What is the pectoral girdle?

A

clavicle connects scapula to axial skeleton

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16
Q

What is the pelvis girdle?

A

2 hips bones: articulate with sacrum to form pelvis - weigh bearing

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17
Q

Humerus

A

spherical head forming articulation at shoulder joint and condlye forming articulation at elbow joint
light movement

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18
Q

Femur

A

Stronger
weight bearing
stability
No pronation or supernation

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19
Q

Hands

A

8 carpals
5 metacarpals
14 phalanges

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20
Q

Foot

A

tarsals 7
metasals 5
phalanges 14

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21
Q

Difference in female and male pelvis

A

female pelvic cavity more circular + pelvic outlet more open
maximises space for child birth

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22
Q

How do bones respond to external force?

A

Bones remodel and change shape to reflect how you use your skeleton

bone cells respond to trauma to unite broken parts

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23
Q

What is the organic part of bone made up of?

A

33% of bone matrix is collagen
which is long fibres throughout matrix of bone

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24
Q

What surronds collagen in the organic part of bone?

A

proteoglycans - ground substance

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25
Q

What function does collagen do in the organic part of bone?

A
  • flexibility so bone can resist tension
  • makes bone non brittle
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26
Q

What is the inorganic part of bone made up of?

A

Minerals
eg calcium
hydroxapatitie

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27
Q

What function does minerals do in the organic part of bone?

A

makes bones hard + resistant to compression
- stops bones bending

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28
Q

What is the 4 cellular components of bone?

A
  • Ostengic
  • osteoblast
  • osteocytes
  • osteoclasts
    all work together to maintain bone homeostatic - balance of destruction and formation of bone
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29
Q

What do osteogenic cells do?

A

Stems cell which produce osteoblasts

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30
Q

What do osteoblasts cells do?

A

make new bone matrix in the lamellae bone surface

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31
Q

What do osteocytes cells do?

A

maintain and comms between maker and breaker
- recycle protein and minerals from the matrix

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32
Q

What do osteoclasts cells do?

A

remove bone from the medullary cavity

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33
Q

What is oppositional growth?

A

Allowing a bone to grow wider
Ob activity produces circumferential lamalle and OC mould bone shape and form medullary cavity

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34
Q

Why is balance of OC and OB activity important?

Effects if not maintained?

A

allows bones to mobilise calcium - phosphate and other minerals from bone matrix
if its not maintained and imbalance of OC /OB activity can lead to health effects

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35
Q

What happens if OC > OB acitivty?

A

osteoporosis
due to loss of cortical bone in cancellous bone
- trabecular becomes thinner
results in increase in compression fracture of vertebrae (which is mainly cancellous) as no bone density to resist compression

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36
Q

who is more at risk of osteoporosis?

A

More at risk if women as OC and OB activity regulated by estrogen and in menopause estrogen drops so a decrease in OB activity

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37
Q

What lifestyle factors causes OB activity to be less than OC?

A
  • lack of exercise
    as you don’t give your body signals to build up bone so lack of OB activity

Lack of calcium in diet
eating to much caffeine and alcohol

PBM is at 20

38
Q

What is compact bone made up of?

A

Made up of lamalle and units of osteons

39
Q

what is the function of osteons?

A

Maintain ocestyctes with nutrients
as they provide a pathway for nutrients to get to cells in the ECM

40
Q

What is the structure of osteons?

A

Long unit within compact bone
which have a central canal with blood vessels and nerves

41
Q

What is the structure of lamallele?

A

Runs down shaft of compact bone in a series of cylinders around the central canal

42
Q

What is the function of lamellae?

A
  • forms shape of osteons
  • have collagen fibers which resist tension
43
Q

What are lacunae?

A

Lake for osteocytes

44
Q

What is the structure of canaliculi?

A

small channels connect lacunae housing the osteocytes together and central canal

45
Q

What is the function of canaliculi?

A

allow for channels of nutrients between ocetyoctes and ECM

46
Q

Where are osteocytes located in cancellous bones?

A

within lacunae on the surfaces of trabeculae

47
Q

What is the function of trabecular in cancellous bone?

A

orientated so trabecular can resist force from multiple directions

direct force from BW in single direction down shaft and spreads force distally

48
Q

what fills the cavities between trabeculae?

A
  • red marrow
  • no blood supply
49
Q

Describe the general principles of bone growth?

A

bones begin as cartilage
- all bone that will become hard tissue start out as soft cartilage at 6 weeks of fertilizations

50
Q

What is the process of transforming cartilage to bone called?

A

Endochondral ossification

51
Q

What is the primary ossification centre?

A

Diaphyses (shaft)
( the ephysises stays cartilage and develops at different times depending on bone)

52
Q

what is the secondary ossification centre?

A

ephysises
which is separated from the diaphysis by an epiphyseal plate to allow the bone to still grow

53
Q

Why is the epiphyseal plate important?

A

to allow for bone growth as important d and E don’t fuse until finished growing so can perform linear growth
when the cartilage starts to ossificate and grow at the same time cartilage is being formed at top so the ephysis plates stay same size

54
Q

When do ephysises plates fuse with D?

A

After puberty

55
Q

Growth in length is

A

through the growth plate

56
Q

What is a joint?

A
  • Hold bones together
  • where bones ends meet
  • allows free movement or control of movement
57
Q

What are the structures associated with joints?

A
  • no inorganic component
  • have two types of cartilage:
  • Hyaline
  • Fibrocartilage
    different compositions depending on function
58
Q

What is cartilage made up of?

A

collagen fibres in ground substances
and cells called chondrocytes in lacuna

59
Q

How do you get blood into joints?

A

Blood vessels don’t penetrate cartilage so only way to get blood is joint loading

  • putting pressure on joints is how blood get through tissue in chondrocytes and provide nutrients

more activity = healthier cartilage as more blood going to cells with nutrients

60
Q

What is the structure of hyaline cartilage?

A

collagen fibres barely visible
high water content in matrix

61
Q

What is the function of hyaline cartilage?

A

to resist compression as more squishy
protects ends of bones to allow for smooth frictionless movement - covers joints and articular ends of bones and areas which move over each other - moulds surface of bone
follows structure of bone

62
Q

What is the issue with hyaline cartilage?

A

it degrades with age = gnarly joints so starts to degrade exposing heads of bone = hard to move joints

63
Q

What is the structure of fibrocartilage?

A

Collagen fibres form bundles throughout matrix
orientation of fibres align with stresses cartilage experinces

64
Q

What is the function of fibrocartilage?

A

Resist compression and tension
acts as a shock/buffer absorber
distributes force over wider area

65
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A

usually found at articulation that experience both compression and tension

depends on articular surfaces
eg knee joint
- menisus - FB deepens articulation surface so forms cup which hold onto femur

66
Q

What are ligaments and tendons made up of?

A

made of DF connective tissue
this consists of collagen, elastin, and fibroblasts

67
Q

What is the function of DFCT?

A

resist tension
aligns fibres to deal with tension and stresses
- not as much ground substance or fluid in DFCT so can’t resist compression
- low vascularity so slow healing following injury compared to bone

68
Q

What does a ligament do?

A

DFCT connect bone to bone

69
Q

What is the function of a ligament?

A
  • restrict movement away from themselves
    eg lateral ligaments restrict movement medially

mostly collagen and elastin fibres means they stretch and allow recoil

70
Q

What does a tendon do?

A

connect muscle to bone

71
Q

What is the function of a tendon?

A

facilitates movement and control
less elastin than ligaments as want arm to respond quickly
contraction of muscle transmitted to bone as have allign fibres of collagen

72
Q

Amount of soft tissue in bone depends on amount of BONY congruence

A

increase BC more stable
less BC less stable
hip joint has increase BC so already stable doesn’t need ST where as knee has LBC so has increased St

73
Q

What are the three types of joints?

A

fibrous - less mobile function not to move - done by being held tightly -together by ligaments of DFCT - eg cranial sutures, and distal tibia fibilour joint

cartilaginous - so movement in places with slight compression and tension - tissue in joint is fibrocartilage - between two bones of CJ is pad of cartilage connecting them
eg intervertbral disc which is a pad of Fibrocartilage - allows body to shock absorb forces
pubis synthesis - allow for give during child birth

synovial -free moving - most limb joints

74
Q

What the features of synovial joint?

A
  • lots of different tissue and structures
  • facilitation of free movement
  • bone ends determine ROM
  • Bony congruence
75
Q

ROM

A

type and amount of movement determined by structure of joint
- eg bone end shape
- ligament location
- bony surface contant

76
Q

What is the structure of synovial joint?

A

Bone ends
- articular cartilage
- joint capsule
- joint cavity - potential space
- synovial membrane
- ligaments

77
Q

Joint cavity

A

outer layer of DFCT
inner layer is synovial membrane
it secretes synovial fluid which is important for
- lubrication of joint
- nutrients for avascular structure - joint load and cartilage suck of SF and gets into blood

78
Q

Joint capsule

A

holds bone together
thick and tight where more support required
loose where movement allowed

79
Q

Capsular ligaments

A

some joints thickening of capsule are present when more support is required

80
Q

Collateral ligament of knee MCL

A

connects femur and tibia
restricts abduction - prevent movement from midline

81
Q

Collateral ligament of knee LCL

A

connects femur to fibula
restricts adduction movement to midline

82
Q

Intracapsular ligaments

A

in some joints additional bands of DFCT located internally to the capsule hold bones together - restrict movement between bones

83
Q

ACL

A

anterior of tibia to posterior of knee
restricts posterior displacement of femur

84
Q

PCL

A

posterior of tibia to anterior of femur
restricts anterior displacement of femur

85
Q

Fibrocartilage pad

A

in some joints small structures made of fibrocartilage fill in space, provide cushioning/shock absorb and or deepen articulation
eg meniscus

86
Q

Plane joint

A

sliding and gliding
flat articular surfaces
multiaxial
intercarpal + metercarpals

87
Q

Hinge joint

A

uniaxial
flexion and extension
ankle, elbow, interphalangeal joint

88
Q

pivot

A

uniaxial
rotation
eg radioulnar, c1,c2 verterbrae

89
Q

condalyar joint

A

biaxial
F and E
roation when flexed
eg knee and TMJ

90
Q

Ellipsoid joint

A

biaxial
F and E
A and A
circumduction
eg wrist joint

91
Q

Saddle joint

A

biaxial
F and E
A and A
circumduction
obligatory rotation
eg base of thumb - carpometcarpals

92
Q

Ball and socket

A

multiaxial
F and E
A and A
circumduction
rotation
eg shoulder and hip

HUBS 191 (1 decks)

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