HUBS 191 1-15 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the functions of the skeletal muscle?
A
Support
Movement
Protection
Storage
Red blood cell formation
2
Q
What are the two gross structures of the bone and their functions?
A
Compact - strong, good at transmitting force in one direction
Cancellous - light, spongy bone, shock absorbing, resist and channels forces that come from multiple directions
3
Q
What is compact bone made of?
A
Osteons - run in units all the way down the bone structure
4
Q
What is cancellous bone made of?
A
Trabecular
5
Q
What are the 4 different bone classes?
A
Long
short
flat
irregular
6
Q
How does a long bone reflect their function?
A
- Thin diaphysis
- Wide ephysis
- Made up limbs that act as leavers
- transmit force in only one direction - diaphysis - compact
- mostly limb bones
- ephysis - cancellous SA
7
Q
How does a short bone reflect their function?
A
equal length and width
mainly cancellous bone as weight bearing from multiple directions
eg carpals and tarpals
8
Q
How does a flat bone reflect their function?
A
usually in muscle attachments areas eg scapula
- since flat increase SA for MA eg scapula
Also protection eg skull, sternum
9
Q
How does a irregular bone reflect their function?
A
various shapes and functions
often has formania eg pelvis
10
Q
What does the axial Skelton consist of?
A
- Bones of the core
- protects vital organs
skull, sternum, ribs, VC, sacrum and coccyx
11
Q
What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?
A
Bones of the limbs
most important for movement
12
Q
Skulls
A
Bones vault the skull - incase brain
muscle attachment sites for face and neck
join at immovable sutures to allow for growth
13
Q
Facial bones
A
protect + support sensory organs
14
Q
Rib cage
A
rib attached to sternum via cartilage and vertebrae posteriorly
12 each side
20 attach via costal cartilages
protection of heart and lungs
15
Q
What is the pectoral girdle?
A
clavicle connects scapula to axial skeleton
16
Q
What is the pelvis girdle?
A
2 hips bones: articulate with sacrum to form pelvis - weigh bearing
17
Q
Humerus
A
spherical head forming articulation at shoulder joint and condlye forming articulation at elbow joint
light movement
18
Q
Femur
A
Stronger
weight bearing
stability
No pronation or supernation
19
Q
Hands
A
8 carpals
5 metacarpals
14 phalanges
20
Q
Foot
A
tarsals 7
metasals 5
phalanges 14
21
Q
Difference in female and male pelvis
A
female pelvic cavity more circular + pelvic outlet more open
maximises space for child birth
22
Q
How do bones respond to external force?
A
Bones remodel and change shape to reflect how you use your skeleton
bone cells respond to trauma to unite broken parts
23
Q
What is the organic part of bone made up of?
A
33% of bone matrix is collagen
which is long fibres throughout matrix of bone
24
Q
What surronds collagen in the organic part of bone?
A
proteoglycans - ground substance
25
What function does collagen do in the organic part of bone?
- flexibility so bone can resist tension
- makes bone non brittle
26
What is the inorganic part of bone made up of?
Minerals
eg calcium
hydroxapatitie
27
What function does minerals do in the organic part of bone?
makes bones hard + resistant to compression
- stops bones bending
28
What is the 4 cellular components of bone?
- Ostengic
- osteoblast
- osteocytes
- osteoclasts
all work together to maintain bone homeostatic - balance of destruction and formation of bone
29
What do osteogenic cells do?
Stems cell which produce osteoblasts
30
What do osteoblasts cells do?
make new bone matrix in the lamellae bone surface
31
What do osteocytes cells do?
maintain and comms between maker and breaker
- recycle protein and minerals from the matrix
32
What do osteoclasts cells do?
remove bone from the medullary cavity
33
What is oppositional growth?
Allowing a bone to grow wider
Ob activity produces circumferential lamalle and OC mould bone shape and form medullary cavity
34
Why is balance of OC and OB activity important?
Effects if not maintained?
allows bones to mobilise calcium - phosphate and other minerals from bone matrix
if its not maintained and imbalance of OC /OB activity can lead to health effects
35
What happens if OC > OB acitivty?
osteoporosis
due to loss of cortical bone in cancellous bone
- trabecular becomes thinner
results in increase in compression fracture of vertebrae (which is mainly cancellous) as no bone density to resist compression
36
who is more at risk of osteoporosis?
More at risk if women as OC and OB activity regulated by estrogen and in menopause estrogen drops so a decrease in OB activity
37
What lifestyle factors causes OB activity to be less than OC?
- lack of exercise
as you don't give your body signals to build up bone so lack of OB activity
Lack of calcium in diet
eating to much caffeine and alcohol
PBM is at 20
38
What is compact bone made up of?
Made up of lamalle and units of osteons
39
what is the function of osteons?
Maintain ocestyctes with nutrients
as they provide a pathway for nutrients to get to cells in the ECM
40
What is the structure of osteons?
Long unit within compact bone
which have a central canal with blood vessels and nerves
41
What is the structure of lamallele?
Runs down shaft of compact bone in a series of cylinders around the central canal
42
What is the function of lamellae?
- forms shape of osteons
- have collagen fibers which resist tension
43
What are lacunae?
Lake for osteocytes
44
What is the structure of canaliculi?
small channels connect lacunae housing the osteocytes together and central canal
45
What is the function of canaliculi?
allow for channels of nutrients between ocetyoctes and ECM
46
Where are osteocytes located in cancellous bones?
within lacunae on the surfaces of trabeculae
47
What is the function of trabecular in cancellous bone?
orientated so trabecular can resist force from multiple directions
direct force from BW in single direction down shaft and spreads force distally
48
what fills the cavities between trabeculae?
- red marrow
- no blood supply
49
Describe the general principles of bone growth?
bones begin as cartilage
- all bone that will become hard tissue start out as soft cartilage at 6 weeks of fertilizations
50
What is the process of transforming cartilage to bone called?
Endochondral ossification
51
What is the primary ossification centre?
Diaphyses (shaft)
( the ephysises stays cartilage and develops at different times depending on bone)
52
what is the secondary ossification centre?
ephysises
which is separated from the diaphysis by an epiphyseal plate to allow the bone to still grow
53
Why is the epiphyseal plate important?
to allow for bone growth as important d and E don't fuse until finished growing so can perform linear growth
when the cartilage starts to ossificate and grow at the same time cartilage is being formed at top so the ephysis plates stay same size
54
When do ephysises plates fuse with D?
After puberty
55
Growth in length is
through the growth plate
56
What is a joint?
- Hold bones together
- where bones ends meet
- allows free movement or control of movement
57
What are the structures associated with joints?
- no inorganic component
- have two types of cartilage:
- Hyaline
- Fibrocartilage
different compositions depending on function
58
What is cartilage made up of?
collagen fibres in ground substances
and cells called chondrocytes in lacuna
59
How do you get blood into joints?
Blood vessels don't penetrate cartilage so only way to get blood is joint loading
- putting pressure on joints is how blood get through tissue in chondrocytes and provide nutrients
more activity = healthier cartilage as more blood going to cells with nutrients
60
What is the structure of hyaline cartilage?
collagen fibres barely visible
high water content in matrix
61
What is the function of hyaline cartilage?
to resist compression as more squishy
protects ends of bones to allow for smooth frictionless movement - covers joints and articular ends of bones and areas which move over each other - moulds surface of bone
follows structure of bone
62
What is the issue with hyaline cartilage?
it degrades with age = gnarly joints so starts to degrade exposing heads of bone = hard to move joints
63
What is the structure of fibrocartilage?
Collagen fibres form bundles throughout matrix
orientation of fibres align with stresses cartilage experinces
64
What is the function of fibrocartilage?
Resist compression and tension
acts as a shock/buffer absorber
distributes force over wider area
65
Where is fibrocartilage found?
usually found at articulation that experience both compression and tension
depends on articular surfaces
eg knee joint
- menisus - FB deepens articulation surface so forms cup which hold onto femur
66
What are ligaments and tendons made up of?
made of DF connective tissue
this consists of collagen, elastin, and fibroblasts
67
What is the function of DFCT?
resist tension
aligns fibres to deal with tension and stresses
- not as much ground substance or fluid in DFCT so can't resist compression
- low vascularity so slow healing following injury compared to bone
68
What does a ligament do?
DFCT connect bone to bone
69
What is the function of a ligament?
- restrict movement away from themselves
eg lateral ligaments restrict movement medially
mostly collagen and elastin fibres means they stretch and allow recoil
70
What does a tendon do?
connect muscle to bone
71
What is the function of a tendon?
facilitates movement and control
less elastin than ligaments as want arm to respond quickly
contraction of muscle transmitted to bone as have allign fibres of collagen
72
Amount of soft tissue in bone depends on amount of BONY congruence
increase BC more stable
less BC less stable
hip joint has increase BC so already stable doesn't need ST where as knee has LBC so has increased St
73
What are the three types of joints?
fibrous - less mobile function not to move - done by being held tightly -together by ligaments of DFCT - eg cranial sutures, and distal tibia fibilour joint
cartilaginous - so movement in places with slight compression and tension - tissue in joint is fibrocartilage - between two bones of CJ is pad of cartilage connecting them
eg intervertbral disc which is a pad of Fibrocartilage - allows body to shock absorb forces
pubis synthesis - allow for give during child birth
synovial -free moving - most limb joints
74
What the features of synovial joint?
- lots of different tissue and structures
- facilitation of free movement
- bone ends determine ROM
- Bony congruence
75
ROM
type and amount of movement determined by structure of joint
- eg bone end shape
- ligament location
- bony surface contant
76
What is the structure of synovial joint?
Bone ends
- articular cartilage
- joint capsule
- joint cavity - potential space
- synovial membrane
- ligaments
77
Joint cavity
outer layer of DFCT
inner layer is synovial membrane
it secretes synovial fluid which is important for
- lubrication of joint
- nutrients for avascular structure - joint load and cartilage suck of SF and gets into blood
78
Joint capsule
holds bone together
thick and tight where more support required
loose where movement allowed
79
Capsular ligaments
some joints thickening of capsule are present when more support is required
80
Collateral ligament of knee MCL
connects femur and tibia
restricts abduction - prevent movement from midline
81
Collateral ligament of knee LCL
connects femur to fibula
restricts adduction movement to midline
82
Intracapsular ligaments
in some joints additional bands of DFCT located internally to the capsule hold bones together - restrict movement between bones
83
ACL
anterior of tibia to posterior of knee
restricts posterior displacement of femur
84
PCL
posterior of tibia to anterior of femur
restricts anterior displacement of femur
85
Fibrocartilage pad
in some joints small structures made of fibrocartilage fill in space, provide cushioning/shock absorb and or deepen articulation
eg meniscus
86
Plane joint
sliding and gliding
flat articular surfaces
multiaxial
intercarpal + metercarpals
87
Hinge joint
uniaxial
flexion and extension
ankle, elbow, interphalangeal joint
88
pivot
uniaxial
rotation
eg radioulnar, c1,c2 verterbrae
89
condalyar joint
biaxial
F and E
roation when flexed
eg knee and TMJ
90
Ellipsoid joint
biaxial
F and E
A and A
circumduction
eg wrist joint
91
Saddle joint
biaxial
F and E
A and A
circumduction
obligatory rotation
eg base of thumb - carpometcarpals
92
Ball and socket
multiaxial
F and E
A and A
circumduction
rotation
eg shoulder and hip
