Hu-man geography

Question 1

Explain what the death rate and birth rate is

Answer 1

Birth rate​ - number of live births per year Death rate​ - number of deaths per year

Question 2

List the 5 stages of the demographic transition model

Answer 2

1) High fluctuating
a) High birth rate and high death rate
b) Famines and diseases
2) Early Expanding
a) High birth rate and falling death rate
b) Better resources and services
3) Late Expanding
a) Falling birth rate and low death rate
b) Good resources and family planning
4) Low Fluctuating
a) Low birth rate and death rate
b) Long lives and few children
5) Senile
a) Low birth rate and death rate b) Materialism

Question 3

What is population change caused by?

Answer 3

Food:​ famine or agricultural revolutions
● Health:​ good sanitary and medical services or lack of clean water
● Technology: ​improved technology or corruption
● War: ​death and destruction
● Education:​ family planning and careers
● Women in society:​ family planning or forced marriage

Question 4

What is a push factor for migration?

Answer 4

A ​push factor​ is a reason to leave a specific place

Question 5

What is a pull factor for migration

Answer 5

A ​pull factor​ is a reason to go to a specific place

Question 6

What is organized migration?

Answer 6

Organised migration​ is planned and carried out by governments or powerful groups of people
eg. The Plantation of Ulster:

Question 7

Explain unequal development between countries

Answer 7

Developed ​countries contain 20% of the world’s population but use 80% of it’s resources. They have a high standard of living and good public services.
Quickly developing​ countries have rapidly growing economies and growing manufacturing industry.
Slowly developing​ countries have most people working in primary economic activities, bad public services and have low life expectancy.

Question 8

What are the effects colonialism

Answer 8

In the past, colonial powers (eg. Britain) would c​ olonise​ smaller countries (eg. parts of Africa and South America) and exploit them by stealing resources and controlling populations.
Colonialism resulted in ​unfair trade​ between colonised countries and uncolonised countries.

Question 9

Case study , unfair coffee trade

Answer 9

Brazil, Kenya, Uganda
● Third world coffee growers export beans to multinational corporations for processing and
selling.
● Big corporations force the bean farmers to accept low prices while the companies charge
high prices for the final product.
● Powerful companies rig the system so that the beans cannot be processed before
exporting without high taxation so that third world farmers can’t make more money and
become competition.
● The price of coffee beans is currently decreasing or fluctuating, while the price of
processed coffee is increasing.
● Third world countries become over dependant on these “cash crops” and if the crop fails
or the price falls, the economy crashes.
● Governments of these countries subsequently have very little income
● There is no capital to improve agriculture, social services, or pay off debt

Question 10

Explain and list 4 different types of aid

Answer 10

Non-Governmental Aid​ comes from non governmental organisations (NGOs) such as Trócaire or Bóthar.
Bilateral Aid​ is aid given from one government to another.
Multilateral Aid​ is aid given from a collection of governments working together such as the United Nations.
Emergency aid​ is given during crises eg. after earthquakes to prevent death Development aid ​is long term aid to improve services and life quality
Advantages:
● Saves lives
● Improves services
● Helps long-term development
● Wealth is shared
Disadvantages:
● Aid sometimes requires repayment of some form and puts countries in debt
● Fair trade gets overlooked

Question 11

Explain factors that hinder the development of developing countries

Answer 11

Climate change results in droughts, desertification, famine, overcrowding and migration
● Population growth results in abuse of resources, migration and desertification
● War costs countries money which could be used to develop and results in death and
damage
And corrupt governments that take aid

Question 12

Explain the north and south divide

Answer 12

The north-south divide refers to the fact that richer more developed countries are closer to the northern hemisphere and the poorer countries are generally in the Southern Hemisphere.

Question 13

What is economic inequality?

Answer 13

Economic inequality is the unequal distribution of wealth between countries

Question 14

What are primary economic activities?

Answer 14

Primary economic activities are those in which people obtain natural resources from the Earth in farming, fishing and forestry

Question 15

Explain the water cycle

Answer 15

Evaporation - When the sun’s heat evaporates the seawater and turns it into a gas known as water vapour
● Condensation - When the water vapour rises, it cools and condenses into tiny droplets that makes up the clouds
● Precipitation - Cooling and condensation continues which results in precipitation in the form of rain, hail, sleet or snow
● Soakage/run off - Water is returned to the seas, rivers and lakes and the cycle repeats itself

Question 16

What are secondary economic activities ?

Answer 16

Secondary economic activities refers to manufacturing industries

Question 17

Brief overview of inputs, processes and outputs

Answer 17

Inputs
● Case that surrounds computers
● Motherboard which is the base where computer parts are then fitted
● CPU which performs all the computer’s calculations
● Hard disk to store information in computers
● Video card which converts information from electronic to visual forms
● Monitor which displays visual information on the screen
● Keyboard
● Mouse
Processes
● Components are tagged and shelved when they arrive at the factory warehouse
● Specific components are selected and brought to the production area when a computer
is ordered
● In the production area, the computer is assembled
● Quality control makes sure that the computer has been assembled correctly
● The computer then undergoes a burn-in which is a 12 hour test to ensure the computer
works properly
● The new computer is packaged and delivered to the customer
Outputs
● Assembled computers are the main output at PC Pro
● Software packages
● Individual computer parts

Question 18

List the benefits of tourism

Answer 18

Jobs ​in hotels, restaurants and attractions
● Road, electricity, sewage s​ ervices​ improved
● Money​ brought into the country
● Airports ferries and better roads
● Telephone and internet improvements

Question 19

List the disadvantages of tourism

Answer 19

Workers only get work at ​peak tourism times
● High-rise hotels ​ruin landscape​ and scenery
● Services are ​overused
● Cost of living ​increased

Question 20

What are tertiary economic activities?

Answer 20

Tertiary activities​ are those that provide services and facilities for people. They include:
● Teacher
● Doctor
● Hairdresser
● Sales person
● Pilot

Question 21

Where is tourism more common?

Answer 21

Tourism is more common:
● In areas of ​natural beauty
○ mountains, lakes and rivers, rocks ● At ​beaches​ and coastlines
○ sand, sun, scenic, water sports, seaside towns ● Near ​recreational facilities
○ golf, mountains, sailing, sport centers ● In ​cities
○ Unique attractions, shows, shops, atmosphere

Question 22

How has tourism grown in the recent years?

Answer 22

In recent years tourism has grown because of:
● People having more ​disposable income
● People having more ​free time
● Better​ transport​ across the world

Question 23

Explain the patterns of the destructions of towns

Answer 23

● Settlement pattern refers to the way in which settlements are distributed or arranged in an area
● Arrangements can either be linear, dispersed or nucleated
● Historical, social and physical factors affect the patterns in the distributions of towns

Question 24

What are the physical factors of settlement?

Answer 24

Altitude and relief
○ ○ ○
● Land ○ ○
Flat/gently sloping land is easier to build on
Warmer and less windy areas are more pleasant to live in Well serviced areas have better transport routes
quality
Deep, fertile soils and alluvial soils grow better crops Market centres
● Rivers
○ Provides water for drinking, cooking and domestic purposes
○ Transport routes
○ Bridging points to connect towns together

Question 25

What is urbanization?

Answer 25

Urbanisation refers to the growth in the size of urban areas throughout the world

Question 26

List the factors of property and land value

Answer 26

● Age of housing
○ Inner city houses are older than suburban housing
○ Cities grow from their centre outwards
● Types of housing
○ Smaller houses are in the inner city because of high population density and no gardens
○ Bigger houses are in the suburbs because of low population density and gardens
● Quality of housing
○ Public housing estates are provided by city councils
○ Modest size and quality with small gardens
○ Large corporation estates
● Wealthier houses
○ Privately built
○ Housing estates
○ High quality
○ Rich buyers
○ 5 or 6 bedrooms
○ Foxrock in Dublin
○ Rochestown Road in Cork
● At the city centre
○ Busiest part of the city
○ Shops and businesses attract customers
○ Huge demand causes higher land values
○ Very high prices are put to the best possible use
○ Very tall buildings for various purposes

Question 27

List numerous urban problems and solutions (long answer) ;-;

Answer 27

1) Urban Decline and Decay - Urban Renewal and Redevelopment:
a) Urban decline: Poor housing, traffic congestion, decline in industry, unemployment, crime, decline in services
b) Urban Renewal: Old buildings are refurbished and services and areas are improved to encourage people to sat or to move there. For example, the Fatima Mansions:
i) Old Fatima had high crime rates, unemployment, drug abuse, building decay, unpopularity
ii) New fatima has nice public and private houses of all sizes and types to suit different buyers. Improved social services and shops and facilities
c) Urban Redevelopment: Run-down areas are flattened and new modern development takes place of shops and commercial buildings, while the old residents are rehoused in suburbs or new towns. For example, the Dublin Docklands
2) Urban Sprawl - New Towns
a) Urban Sprawl: Rapid growth of housing from cities outwards into the countryside.
Results in loss of farmland and villages being taken over as part of the city, as well as suburbs losing charm and becoming boring. For Example, Calcutta;
i) Many migrants live in bustees that spread out and sprawl around the city in an unplanned way, containing unsafe and cramped living conditions.
b) New Towns: Deliberately, well-planned towns built near cities to house the overspill of the population. They contain good services, communications and industrial estates. For example, Tallaght:
i) Designed to house overspill. Population greater than of Limerick City. Has easy access to Dublin city centre via luas and bus. Contains shopping centres, industrial estates, cinemas, a technical college and other services.