HSP3U Unit 2 - Theorist test Flashcards
What was Carl Rogers’ theory?
Self - Actualization
What are the main ideas of ‘self-actualization’
1) a person can only ‘grow’ if they are surrounded by genuineness (openness + self-disclosure), empathy (being listened to + understood), and acceptance (seen with positive regard).
2) must be in positive state of mind, people become destructive when something interferes with this process.
3) This is a humans’ basic motive (develops self-worth + positive regard)
4) If this is achieved then it is called ‘congruence’
if not… ‘incongruent’
Who was Alfred Bandura and what was his theory?
a physiologist who came up with the MODELLING THEORY
What were Alfred Bandura main ideas?
1) it was about the way a person’s emotions and actions can change because of a role model in their life
2) gave us a Deeper understanding of how our cognitive brain works (the way we act + learn)
3) situations cause different reactions in people
What was the Modeling Theory
4 part theory…
1) Attention: when someone notices the behavior of a person and start to imitate their actions/behavior.
- Attention is whether someone chooses to mimic that one person instead of rest of the people we see daily.
2) Retention: how well remembered the certain behavior is
- If not well remembered… person will not imitate the actions again
3) Reproduction: ability to physically perform the imitation (Ex: sometimes we are unable to mock certain actions but are unable to because of lack of physical strength or flexibility)
4) Motivation: person’s willingness to mimic a behavior
- Rewards/punishments determine whether the person will perform behavior or not.
What was Howard Gardner’s theory?
MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES THEORY
1) Verbal - Linguistic: person's ability to analyze information + produce oral + written language work (speeches, essays, emails, books) 2) Logical - Mathematical: ability to develop equations + proofs, make calculations, solve problems 3) Visual - Spatial: allows people to comprehend maps + other types to graphical information 4) Musical: produce + make meaning of different sounds 5) Bodily - Kinesthetic: using one's body to create products / solve problems 6) Interpersonal: ability to see + understand other people's mood, desires, motivations, intentions 7) Intrapersonal: ability to see assess same^^ characteristics within themselves
What was Lev Vygotsky’s theory
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY
What was the Social Development Theory
included: Social development, Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD, More Knowledgeable Other (MKO) (are all connected)
What is ZPD
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD): idea that someone can do a task without knowing how to do it as long as they have assistance.
1) How social interactions we make throughout adolescents + play develop our cognition 2) How potential for growth + cognitive development are crucial in the development dependent in the ZPD, and what children can and cannot do
What was important about Jane Goodall?
1) created HUMAN/ANIMAL DEVELOPMENT (CHIMPS) theory.
2) showed how much similarity there is between humans + chimps
3) studied behavior of chimps+ learned how they adapted to environment
What was Alfred Adler’s theory?
BIRTH ORDER THEORY
what made the Birth Order Theory important?
1) it was about how a child’s position in his/her family would ship their personality + how they acted in life
2) Main IDEA: parents treat their children differently due to the order they were born in, these differences cause children to think +act differently
List Birth Order Theory
1) Oldest Child (GIVE EXAMPLE OF EACH)
- Seen as less of a child
- Given most responsibility
- Very dominate in social situations because always leader at home
2) Second Born
- Feels like there are always in shadow of other siblings, causes them to be very competitive (trying to overcome older sibling)
3) Other middle child
- Peacemakers/diplomats of the family because they don’t want anyone to dislike them since they don’t get the same attention as oldest + youngest children
4) Youngest Children: Parent’s favorite
5) Twins
- identity problems
- always striving to differentiate themselves from the other
- Always a more dominant, confident, outgoing twin + a shadow twin
6) All girls/boys: if only 1 boy/girl, boy/girl will become influenced
Who was the creator of the ‘Unconscious Mind’?
Carl Jung
What was so important about Carl Jung’s theory and explain the collective conscious, conscious mind/ego, and personal unconscious
- he created Archetypes: universal symbol that reappears over time. It includes models of people’s behavior, personalities, and collective unconscious
1) Collective Unconscious: part of mind that is derived from ancestral memory. In 1 shape/form identical to all humankind. (ex: compare collective unconscious to basic instincts)
2) Conscious Mind/Ego: ‘Control Centre’. Holds identity, thoughts, feelings, can control when + what can be accessed by memory
3) Personal Unconscious: the part that arises from the interact between collective unconscious + person’s personal growth. Holds memories / information that has been forgotten (person is unable to recall them)
Who invented the Development Theory?
Erik Erikson
How many stages were in the development theory and what were they?
Stage 1) trust vs. mistrust
Stage 2) autonomy vs. shame + doubt
- Important that parents create supportive atmosphere so child can develop sense of self-control without a loss of self-esteem
Stage 3) initiative vs. guilt
- Child must find what kind of person he/she is going to be
Stage 4) industry vs. inferiority
- Child wants to enter the larger world of knowledge + work
Stage 5) ego/identity vs. role/confusion
- Occurs during adolescence. This is the time when young adults seek their true selves
Stage 6) intimacy vs. isolation
- Integrated identity emerges
Stage 7) generativity vs. self-absorption
- To assist younger generation in developing + leading useful lives
Stage 8) integrity vs. despair
- Person looks back and evaluates their life.
What was Marx known for besides being the creator of Marxism?
Known for writing on communism: ‘the conflict theory’. The theory states ‘society is constantly in a state of conflict for resources.’
What was Marx’s main idea?
- Capitalism followed by socialism.
The 2 main groups within Marxism
1) Bourgeoisie: ruling class (often commodifies things)
2) Proletariat: working class - is the ‘means of production’
Who was Larence Kolberg?
physiologist who created the Mental Development Theory, and founder of research + a pioneer for implementing programs such as, “Just Community”, prison + school more education programs
What was Kolberg’s Mental Development theory about?
- Theory has 6 identifiable developmental constructive stages, and believes that shows that our moral compass is formed mainly when we are children.
Premoral Level
1) Punishment - Avoidance + Obedience - Makes moral decisions strictly on basis of self-interest - Disobey rule also present (without getting caught) 2) Exchange of favors - Recognize that others have needs, but self satisfaction is highest priority
Conventional Level
3) Good boy/Good girl - Makes decisions based on what will please others - Concerned about maintaining interpersonal relationships. 4) Law + Order - Looks to society as a whole for guidance about behavior. Thinks rules are inflexible + unchangeable
Principled Level
5) Social Contrast
- Sees that rules are social agreements that can be changed when needed
6) Universal Ethical Principal
- Complies to a small number of rules that transcend specific, concrete rules.
- Answers to inner conscience.
· His Experiment:
- He found 3 different levels of moral reasoning (Premoral, Conventional, Principled)
How did Kolberg contribute to social science?
1) Theory was modeled after Jean Piaget’s previous work (theory that explained how children developed moral reasoning)
2) Kohlberg’s idea says that moral development is a continuous process that occurs throughout a person’s lifespan.
Who was Abraham Maslow?
psychologist who created Maslow’s HIERARCHY OF NEEDS - a list of basic human needs that had to be fulfilled for maximum physiological health.
What did Maslow believe in?
He believes that people have a set of motivation systems unrelated to receiving rewards/having a high status.
How did Maslow come to create the hierarchy of needs?
Though interviews + studied, he came to categorize a hierarchal list of needs to be filled in order to obtain satisfaction
What was included in the pyramid?
Top to Bottom
1) Self- Actualization
2) Esteem Needs
3) Belongingness + Love needs
4) Safety Needs
5) Physiological Needs
Who created COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT theory
Jean Piaget
What did Piaget realize
research helped him realize the big difference between the way adults + children think, process information, and develop intelligence + knowledge.
What did Jean Piaget develop?
teaching curriculum (elementary - high school)... He Led way for studying children's behavior
4 stages of CognitiveDevelopment theory
1) Sensorimotor
- Physical environment (touching, throwing, crawling, walking, cognitive development begins)
- Lack object permanence (ex: Peek-a-Boo)
2) Pre-Operational
- Differentiate the past + future
- Begin to use language +understand more concepts
3) Concrete Operational
- Logical + concrete learning
- 8-11
- Start developing logic
4) Formal
- Abstract ideas + relationship
- 12-15
- More complex understanding of logic, cause, effect
Who was George Hubert Mead and what did he develop?
Sociologist who developed Pragmatism and Social Behaviorism
What was George Hubert Mead’s main idea?
Social interactions are the key to developing oneself
Explain Pragmatism + Social Behaviorism + The Looking Glass Self (Mead)
Pragmatism (how self is developed)
1) Primary Socialization: child learns behavior, values, actions suitable for certain cultures
2) Secondary Socialization: process of learning proper behaviors as a member of a small group within a larger community
3) Group Socialization: as adults, our peers influence our personality + nature more than our parents
4) Organizational Socialization: employee learns knowledge + skills needed for job
Development of self is revolved around 3 activities…
1) Language: allows us to answer 1 another through words, signals, sounds.
- Displays other people’s perspective, reaction, opinions towards something
2) Play: allows us to take on different personalities and express other peoples’ expectations.
- Established a perspective of how others viewed us.
3) Games: allowed us to learn + obey guidelines
- Teaches that there are principals to follow in order to win/succeed at something
Social Behaviorism (categorized human behavior (self) into 2 parts, ‘I’ + ‘Me’ = SELF)
- 'ME' = social side of us, the past 'self' - 'I' = the present + future self
Looking Glass Self (3 stages of behavioral + personality development)
- Imaging: how we think we look to others - Interpreting: how to react to how we think others see us (perceived judgment) - Developing Self: how we acquire 'self' from the judgments + perceptions of others
What was Operant Conditioning and who created this theory?
It was Changing the behavior by using reinforcement which is given after the desired response - Positive reinforcement (encourages response + strengthens behavior)
- Negative reinforcement (also used to strengthen behavior by removing an unpleasant experience) - Punishment (used to completely eliminate entire response) - Stimuli - controls a person's behavior + reinforces it over again
- BF Skinner
Explain Skinner’s Box
- it was an experiment involved a rat and a cage
- as Rat pulls down leaver, then rat gets food (positive reinforcement)
- Electrical current (discomfort) ran through bottom until rat pulled down leaver (negative reinforcement)
- Rat gets shocked if he goes to certain areas of the cage (punishment), then rat learns to not go there
What main concept did Sigmund Freud Create
PSYCHOANALYTICAL THEORY
What was the overall goal of Psychoanalytical Theory?
to turn the unconscious into the conscious
What did Freud agrue?
that human behavior is the result of the interactions among 3 components of the mind…
ID - Instincts - Subconscious
- Pleasure principle, in which satisfying basic instincts comes
Ego - Reality - Unconscious
- Satisfy the demands of the ID in a safe + socially acceptable way
Superego - Morality - Conscious
- Motivates us to behave in a responsible way (our ‘rational’ sensors)
Explain the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious in Freud’s terms
Conscious: include the thoughts that are the focus of our attention (current state of awareness)
Preconscious: barrier between conscious and subconscious (all information you are aware of but cannot recall)
Unconscious: foundation of our behavior (outside of our awareness at all times)
