HSCI_LEC5 Flashcards
These are released by axon terminals of neurons into the synaptic junctions and act locally to control nerve cell functions
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
These are released by the glands or specialized
cells to the circulating blood and influence the
function of target cells at another location of the body
ENDOCRINE HORMONES
These are secreted by neurons into the circulating blood and influence the function of target cells at another location of the body
NEUROENDOCRINE HORMONES
Are secreted by cells into the extracellular fluid
and affect neighboring targets cells at a different type
PARACRINES
Secreted by cells into the extracellular fluid and affect the function of the same cells that produce them
AUTOCRINES
These are peptides secreted by cells into the
extracellular fluid and can function as autocrines, paracrines, or endocrine hormones
CYTOKINES
are chemical substances that are secreted by endocrine cells into the extracellular fluids and regulate the metabolic activity of the other cells of the body
Hormones
MAJOR ENDOCRINE ORGANS ARE:
HYPOTHALAMUS
ANTERIOR PITUITARY
POSTERIOR PITUITARY
THYROID
ADRENAL CORTEX
ADRENAL MEDULLA
PANCREAS
PARATHYROID
TESTES
OVARIES
PLACENTA
KIDNEY
HEART
STOMACH
SMALL INTESTINE
ADIPOCYTES
They are lipid-soluble; Water-soluble hormones
steroids; peptides and
catecholamines
What are the CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF HORMONES
1.) PROTEINS AND POLYPEPTIDES
2.) STEROIDS
3.) DERIVATIVES OF TYROSINE
used the mechanism of direct gene
activation
Steroid hormones and thyroid
hormones
used the second messenger system
water-soluble and non-steroid hormones (polypeptides)
It is approximately the size of a pea. It hangs from a stock from the inferior surface of the hypothalamus of the brain wherein it is surrounded by sella tursica of the sphenoid bone
Called as the “master gland” because despite its size, of affects several glands including your thyroid, adrenal cortex, ovaries, mammary glands, and pancreas.
PITUITARY GLAND
Anterior pituitary is also called
adenohypophysis
posterior pituitary is also called
neurohypophysis
5 cell types of anterior pituitary gland:
SOMATOTROPES
CORTICOTROPES
THYROTROPES
GONADOTROPES
LACTOTROPES
Decrease secretion of all the anterior pituitary
hormones;
The general effect of adult panhypopituitarism
are:
Hyperthyroidism
Decrease production of glucocorticoids
by the adrenal glands
Supressed secretion of the gonodotropic
hormones that sexual functions are lost
PANHYPOPITUITARISM
is a result from generalized deficiency of the anterior pituitary secretion or panhypopituitarism during childhood
DWARFISM
Occasionally, the acidophilic growth hormone
producing cells of the anterior pituitary became excessively active.
If condition occurs before adolescence before
the epiphysis of the bones become fused with the shafts, height increase so that the person
becomes a giant.
GIGANTISM
Usually results if the acidophilic tumors occur
after adolescence. That is after the epiphysis of the long bone have fused with the shafts.
ACROMEGALY
One of the largest endocrine glands. Usually the weight is 15-20 grams
THYROID GLAND
is composed mainly of glial cells
called pituicytes
POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
is a general term for the enlargement of
thyroid gland
The cause may be _____, tumors
(adenomas or sometimes carcinomas)
GOITER ;Grave’s disease
The most common form of hyperthyroidism
An autoimmune disease in which antibodies
called thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins form against the TSH receptor in the thyroid gland
GRAVE’ S DISEASE
This conditions exhibit low thyroid hormone
levels
The _____ develops in persons who have
almost total lack of thyroid hormone function
Shows the patient demonstrating the
bagginess of the eye and the swelling of the face
MYXEDEMA
Caused by extreme hypothyroidism during
fetal life
This condition is characterized by failure of
body growth and by mental retardation that
results from congenital lack of thyroid gland,
CRETINISM
are found superior to your kidneys. These are otherwise known as suprarenal glands
ADRENAL GLANDS
3 DISTINCT LAYERS OF ADRENAL CORTEX
ZONA GLOMERULOSA
ZONA FASICULATA
ZONA RETICULATA
Results from the inability of the adrenal
cortices to produce sufficient adrenal cortical
hormones
ADDISON’ S DISEASE (HYPOADRENALISM)
Hypersecretion of your adrenal cortex causes a complex cascade of hormone effects found in this syndrome
CUSHING’ S SYNDROME (HYPERADRENALISM)
The pancreas is both an exocrine and AN
endocrine gland
PANCREAS
