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HSC UNIT 4 ANATOMY > HSC UNIT 4 Past Paper Qs > Flashcards

HSC UNIT 4 Past Paper Qs Flashcards

THE EXAM WAS SO INCREDIBLE IT WAS YESTERDAY ON 13TH JAN 25

1
Q

What produces bile?

A

The liver

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2
Q

Where does emulsifying of fats take place?

A

In the small intestine

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3
Q

What stores bile?

A

The gallbladder

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4
Q

What are methods to treat gallstones?

A
  • Surgery- to remove gallbladder
  • Surgery- to remove gallstones
  • Meds- to dissolve gallstones
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5
Q

Actions of stomach in mechanical digestion

A
  • Large food molecules physically broken down by teeth into smaller molecules
  • Stomach walls contract
  • Churns and mixes food with hydrochloric acid
  • Surface area increased
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6
Q

Actions of stomach in chemical digestion

A
  • Stomach produces enzymes to break down large food molecules to smaller
  • Produces hydrochloric acid
  • Pepsin enzyme activated
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7
Q

What are 6 functions of the liver?

A
  • Removes toxins from blood (e.g alcohol)
  • Regulates blood clotting
  • Produces bile (for emulsification)
  • Gets rid of old blood cells
  • Produces urea
  • Stores vitamins
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8
Q

What is detoxification?

A

The chemical process in which the liver breaks down alcohol

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9
Q

What are some examples of lifestyle changes?

A
  • Lose weight/ maintaining healthy weight
  • Diet
  • Stop alcohol/ drug intake
  • Exercise
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10
Q

What are some examples of monitoring techniques?

A
  • Urine tests
  • Blood tests
  • Imagining scans e.g X-rays, MRI
  • Diet monitoring
  • Regular check-ups
  • Visits from healthcare workers
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11
Q

What is corpus callosum?

A

A bridge of nervous tissue that connects cerebral hemispheres

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12
Q

What is the tough membrane layer around the brain and spinal cord?

A

Meninges

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13
Q

What is role of eustachian tube?

A

Makes sure that pressure in middle ear is same as the pressure in atmosphere

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14
Q

Role of semi-circular canals in ear?

A

Have a role in maintaining balance

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15
Q

What are some treatments used to reduce effects of nephrotic syndrome?

A
  • Diuretics
  • Kidney transplant
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16
Q

Function of kidney by kidney nephrones?

A
  • Excretion- Urea and toxins removed from blood
  • Ultrafiltration- Blood flowing through capillaries is filtered
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17
Q

Effects of cystic fibrosis?

A
  • Mucus thicker than normal
  • Mucus build up in lungs
  • Lung problems e.g breathlessness, excessive coughing
  • Digestive problems- malnutrition
  • Shortened life expectancy
  • Can affect kidney function
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18
Q

Causes of cystic fibrosis?

A
  • Inherited caused by malnutrition in gene leading to low level of protein produced
  • Faulty protein produced
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19
Q

What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

A
  • Aerobic needs oxygen
  • Anaerobic produced lactic acid
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20
Q

What is the role of ATP?

A

ATP provides energy for cells

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21
Q

What is equation for aerobic respiration?

A

ATP
Glucose + oxygen ——> Carbon dioxide + water

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22
Q

What are the possible treatments for hypertension?

A
  • ACE inhibitors
  • Diuretics
  • Statins
  • Beta blockers
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23
Q

What are risk factors of hypertension?

A
  • Age
  • Race- Common among people of African heritage
  • Genetics- High b.p can run in families
  • Obesity- As volume of blood in blood vessels increases, so does pressure in artery walls
  • High cholesterol- Narrowed arteries
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24
Q

What are biological causes of hypertension?

A
  • Increase of systolic pressure
  • Increase of diastolic pressure
  • Narrowed arteries that resist blood flow
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25
Q

Why is it important for blood to regulate body temperature?

A

Because cell/body functions start to fail if temperature is too high or low
- Too high= Dehydration, stroke, death
- Too low= Hypothermia + death

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26
Q

What is function of a platelet?

A

They help clot blood to prevent bleeding + prevent bacteria entering cut

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27
Q

Function of neutrophil? (LARGEST W B C)

A

Neutrophil destroys bacteria to prevent infection

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28
Q

Function of lymphocyte? ( W B C)

A

Lymphocytes produce antibodies to fight against infection

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29
Q

Function of erythrocyte? ( R B C)

A

Erythrocyte transports oxygen around body

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30
Q

Function of plasma?

A

Plasma is a fluid that transports substances dissolved in water

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31
Q

Impacts of osteoarthritis? (PIES)

A

P: Tiredness, pain, swelling, medication side effects

I/ E: Loss of independence, frustration, depression, unable to do hobbies

S: Affects social activities, have to attend appointments, inability to work

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32
Q

Symptoms of osteoarthritis?

A
  • Painful joints
  • Stiff range of motion in joints
  • Swollen/ inflamed joints
  • Deformed joints
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33
Q

What is ligament ?

A

A fibrous cord that attaches one bone to another to hold them in position

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34
Q

What are antagonistic pairs?

A

As one muscle contracts, the other relaxes or lengthens

E.g biceps + triceps, quads + hams

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35
Q

What are some care needs of hearing loss?

A
  • Regular monitoring of hearing loss/ check ups
  • Advice regarding hearing aids and how go charge and change batteries
  • Sign language taught
  • Lip reading support
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36
Q

Function of autonomic nervous system?

A

Autonomic system regulates body functions that are not consciously controlled such as breathing and heart rate

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37
Q

Function of central nervous system?

A
  • CNS consists of brain and spinal cord.
  • Main role in control and coordination of most body functions
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38
Q

Function of peripheral nervous system?

A

Peripheral nervous system consists of sensory and motor neurons that transmit nerve impulses to and from brain and spinal cord

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39
Q

Function of spinal cord?

A

Allows communication between brain and body

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40
Q

What has a role in regulating body temp and thirst?

A

Hypothamalus

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41
Q

What two components have a role in decision-making and processing info?

A
  • Frontal lobe
  • Cerebral cortex
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42
Q

What component has role of automatic functions like breathing and swallowing?

A

Medulla

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43
Q

Structure of myelin sheath ?

A
  • Layer around Schwann cells
  • Lined with fatty substance
  • Wrapped around axon
  • Has Nodes of Ranvier
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44
Q

What are possible symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS) ?

A
  • Fatigue
  • Muscle spasms/cramps
  • Problems with mobility
  • Memory loss/cognitive issues
  • Loss of balance
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45
Q

Why does multiple sclerosis cause the symptoms it causes?

A
  • Autoimmune disease
  • White blood cells attack the myelin sheath
  • Inflammation
  • Scarred tissue forms
  • Axon is no longer protected
  • Permanent nerve damage
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46
Q

What is the role of the pituitary gland?

A
  • To produce and release several hormones that help carry out important bodily functions.
  • Regulates other endocrine glands
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47
Q

Symptoms of diabetes?

A
  • Frequent urination
  • Fatigue
  • Thirsty
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48
Q

What are possible impacts of diabetes? (PIES)

A

P: Tired all the time, vision loss, kidney failure

I / E: Frustration, has to inject before meals, depression, embarrassment

S: Trouble socialising when eating out, going out less, occupied with appointments for blood testing / monitoring

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49
Q

Features of type 1 diabetes?

A
  • Young, born
  • NO insulin produced
  • Viral / autoimmune islets of Lagerhans in pancreas destroyed during childhood/ early adulthood
  • Have to inject insulin to control b.g lvls
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50
Q

What are the functions of bile?

A

1) Emulsifys fats
2) Neutralises stomach acid

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51
Q

What are symptoms of gallstones?

A
  • Stomach pain
  • Vomiting
  • Digestive issues e.g diarrohea
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52
Q

Biological causes of gallstones?

A
  • Chemical imbalance of bile
    -Tiny crystals develop into larger ‘stones’
  • Bile duct can become blocked
  • High cholesterol
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53
Q

Lifestyle risks of gallstones?

A
  • High fat diet
  • Excess alcohol
  • Cirrhosis
  • Sedentary lifestyle
  • Obesity
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54
Q

Possible impacts of high blood pressure?

A
  • Increased risk of CHD e.g heart attack
  • Increased risk of kidney disease
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55
Q

What is a role the lymphatic system ?

A
  • Defends body against infection
  • Keeps body fluid levels in balance
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56
Q

What is the role of cartilage?

A

To reduce friction and protect your joints and bones

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57
Q

What are possible causes of osteoporosis?

A
  • Old age
  • Lack of vitamin D
  • Lack of calcium
  • Certain medications
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58
Q

Possible treatments for osteoporosis?

A
  • Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) to increase oestrogen hormones. Reduces loss of bone density + stimulates bone production. They come in tablets, gel or patches.
  • Vitamin D / calcium supplements which helps improve bone density + strengthens the bone to prevent bone fractures.
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59
Q

Function of ciliary muscle in the eye?

A

Changes the shape of the lens to enable the eye to focus

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60
Q

What are stapes in the ear?

A

A small bone that transmits sound vibrations within the ear

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61
Q

What is the organ of Corti?

A

Membranes lined with sensitive rows of hair cells

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62
Q

What is the round window in the ear?

A

A further drum-like membrane that allows movement of fluid in the cochlea

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63
Q

What is the middle ear?

A
  • Contains 3 small bones: malleus, incus & stapes.
  • The middle ear is separated from the external ear by the ear drum
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64
Q

What nerve carries impulses from the ear to the brain?

A

The auditory nerve

65
Q

What is the nerve that carries impulses from eye to brain?

A

The optic nerve

66
Q

What is the axon in myelin sheath?

A

Long, thin part of the neuron that conducts the impulse

67
Q

What is the dendron in myelin sheath?

A

Short, branched part of the neuron that receives impulses from other neurons

68
Q

What does the myelin sheath consist of?

A

Schwann cells forming an insulating layer

69
Q

What is the node of Ranvier?

A

A gap between Schwann cells that helps to speed up the nerve impulse

70
Q

What are (biological) causes of glaucoma?

A
  • Pressure build-up
  • Eye fluid is unable to drain properly
  • Fluid cannot escape leading to build-up
  • Fluid presses on optic nerve damaging it
  • Leads to blindness if fluid & pressure not treated
71
Q

Glaucoma is caused by pressure build up in the eye, why could pressure build up in the eye?

A
  • Too much fluid (vitreous humour) in the eye
  • Fluid is unable to drain away
  • Blocked ducts
72
Q

Possible symptoms of glaucoma?

A
  • May have no symptoms
  • Eye pain
  • Eye redness
  • Vision issues
73
Q

Effects of glaucoma?

A
  • Blurred vision
  • Tunnel vision
  • Patchy blind spots
  • Problems with peripheral vision
  • Coloured halos around bright lights
74
Q

What is the function of the vena cava?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart

75
Q

Function of tricuspid valve?

A
  • Prevents back flow of blood
  • Allows blood flow between right atrium and right ventricle
76
Q

Function of bicuspid valve?

A

-Prevents back flow of blood
- Allows blood flow between left atrium and left ventricle

77
Q

Function of aortic semilunar valve?

A

Makes blood flow in one direction from left ventricle to aorta

78
Q

What are the lungs?

A

A pair of lobed structures made up of a series of bronchioles which end in tiny air sacs called alveoli

79
Q

Functions of the buccal cavity in digestive system?

A
  • Mechanical digestion by chewing
  • Chemical digestion of starch by salivary amylase
80
Q

Function of stomach in digestive system?

A
  • Mechanical digestion by muscular churning
  • Chemical digestion of proteins by pepsin
81
Q

What is the cause of coeliac disease?

A

Gluten in wheat causes autoimmune response and results in body attacking and destroying villi of small intestine

82
Q

What are two purposes of gaseous exchange?

A

1) To obtain oxygen for aerobic respiration and production of ATP from glucose in body cells
2) To prevent CO2 build-up in the blood and preventing cell activity

83
Q

What is function of pleural membrane?

A

The pleura is a thin membrane that lines chest wall and lungs.

  • Cushions lungs & makes breathing easier
  • Prevents rubbing against chest wall
84
Q

What happens in inspiration?

A
  • External intercostal muscles contract while internal intercostal relax
  • Ribs pulled up and out
  • Diaphragm muscles contract & flatten
  • Increased volume in lungs/thorax
85
Q

What happens in expiration?

A
  • INTERNAL intercostal muscles contract while EXTERNAL intercostal relax
  • Ribs move down and in
  • Diaphragm relax and pushed up
  • Decreased volume in lungs/thorax
86
Q

What are some physical effects of emphysema?

A
  • Less oxygen obtained by the body
  • Less surface area for gas exchange
  • Destroys alveoli of lungs
87
Q

What are some care needs someone with emphysema may have?

A
  • Oxygen cylinder to assist breathing
  • Wheelchair due to chance of immobility
  • Stair lift for wheelchair
  • One storey house
  • Home help
88
Q

What connects and coordinates the two sides of brain?

A

Corpus callosum

89
Q

What part of brain controls breathing and heart rate?

90
Q

What part of brain modifies muscular responses and stores learnt fine movements?

A

Cerebellum

91
Q

What part of brain receives information from the sense organs?

A

Cerebral cortex

92
Q

What are possible causes of stroke?

A
  • High cholesterol/fat in diet
  • High salt in diet
  • Obesity
  • High b.p leading to blood vessel to burst in brain
93
Q

What physical problems can stroke cause? (EFFECTS)

A
  • Speech problems
  • Swallowing problems
  • Movement of limbs problems, difficulty gripping/holding things
94
Q

What are possible EFFECTS of multiple sclerosis (MS)?

A
  • Difficulty with mobility so may need wheelchair
  • Memory/cognitive problems
  • Difficulty holding/gripping things may need home help
  • Bed bound so may need home help
95
Q

Why are homeostatic mechanisms important?

A

To maintain and regulate optimum internal conditions e.g. regulation of blood glucose lvls

96
Q

How are blood glucose levels regulated by homeostatic mechanisms?

A

1) When glucose too HIGH- pancreas detects rise- islets of Langerhans release INSULIN- lowers glucose lvls.

2) When glucose too LOW- pancreas detects drop- islet cells release GLUCAGON- activates release of glucose from stored GLYCOGEN-increases glucose lvls

97
Q

What are some functions of blood?

A
  • Transport oxygen and nutrients around body
  • Form blood clots to prevent excess blood loss
  • Prevent infection
  • Regulate body temperature
98
Q

What are lifestyle factors that can cause heart disease?

A
  • Lack of regular exercise
  • High alcohol intake
  • Too much stress
  • Smoking
  • Unhealthy diet (i.e. high fat)
99
Q

What are some lifestyle changes to reduce high b.p (hypertension)?

A
  • Exercise regularly
  • Reduce salt and fat intake
100
Q

Role of the tear gland in the eye?

A

Produces fluid to clean an lubricate the front of the eye

101
Q

What is the conjunctiva in the eye?

A

A thin membrane that covers and protects the surface of the eye

102
Q

What is the cornea in the eye?

A

Transparent and protective layer of eye that helps see clearly and keeps out things that don’t belong in eyes.

103
Q

What are some possible causes of deafness?

A
  • Prolonged exposure to loud noise
  • Blocked ear canal
  • Damage to auditory nerve
104
Q

What are possible effects of deafness on lifestyle?

A
  • Difficulty hearing conversation
  • Need of hearing aid
  • Has to learn sign language
105
Q

What are possible treatments of deafness?

A
  • Hearing aid
  • Ear drops
  • Cochlea implants
106
Q

Features of alveoli walls to enable gaseous exchange to be efficient?

A
  • Large surface area
  • Thin, only one cell thick
107
Q

How does diffusion gradient enable oxygen to move out of alveoli and into capillaries?

A

Oxygen moves down concentration gradient from an area of high concentration to area of low concentration

108
Q

Monitoring techniques for emphysema?

A
  • Scans e.g. MRI or X-ray to see progression of condition
  • Peak flow monitor to monitor how well lungs can expel air
109
Q

What are possible causes for blocked artery?

A
  • Fatty deposits in artery wall narrowing arteries
  • Cholesterol deposits leading to plaque build up
  • Blood clots formed
110
Q

What are risk factors of blocked coronary?

A
  • Smoking can increase risk of CHD
  • Obesity
  • High cholesterol levels
  • High fat diet
111
Q

What are some biological causes of a stroke?

A

High blood pressure which can lead to blood burst and leak in brain

112
Q

What are some possible treatments for stroke?

A

1) ACE inhibitors- Taken as tablets everyday + helps reduce blood pressure which decreases risk of further stroke

2) Statins- Lowers cholesterol, also can be taken as tablets everyday and have limited side effects, however, may take time to become effective

113
Q

What are possible treatments of asthma?

A

1) General inhalers- easy to carry and portable so can be carried anywhere. However, can be easily lost as they are small

2) Anti-inflammatory tablets- reduce inflammation and prevents asthma attacks. However, side effects i.e. headaches. Another advantage is that they are non-steroid.

114
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A

A flap tissue that prevent food entering windpipe to prevent chocking

115
Q

What are possible symptoms of IBS?

A
  • Stomach ache/pain
  • Diarrhoea
  • Constipation
116
Q

What are possible causes of IBS?

A
  • Infection of large intestine
  • Stress
  • Eating triggers
117
Q

Possible treatments for managing IBS?

A
  • Probiotics
  • Medication e.g. laxatives
118
Q

Possible lifestyle changes for managing IBS?

A
  • Restricted diet
  • Avoid eating trigger foods
  • Low fibre diet/reduce from diet
119
Q

What is the process of breakdown of excess, toxic and unwanted products by the liver?

A

1) Liver breaks down excess amino acids by deamination
2) Very toxic ammonia is produced
3) Liver converts to less toxic urea
4) Urea then taken to kidneys
5) Removed from blood and body in urine form

120
Q

What is nephrotic syndrome?

A

Usually childhood condition that causes the kidneys to leak large amounts of protein into urine. This can lead to swelling of body tissues & greater chance of catching infections.

121
Q

What are some risk factors for nephrotic syndrome?

A
  • Age- nephrotic syndrome often first presents in childhood
  • As a result of diabetes
122
Q

Function of synovial fluid?

A

Lubricates the joint, reducing friction between the bones & allows greater movement.

123
Q

What are tendons?

A

Fibrous tissue that connects the muscles to the bone.

124
Q

What is cartilage?

A

Strong & flexible connective tissue that protects joints and bones. It acts as a shock absorber throughout body.

125
Q

What treatment can be used for arthritis?

A
  • Anti-inflammatories to reduce inflammation at joints
  • Painkillers to reduce pain
  • Physiotherapy to strengthen muscles around joint & increase mobility of joint
126
Q

What is the role of the intercostal muscles?

A

Moves the ribs

127
Q

Function of the alveolus?

A

Allows for gas exchange

128
Q

Difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

A
  • Aerobic requires energy, anaerobic does not
  • Anaerobic produces lactic acid as waste product
  • Aerobic produces CO2 as waste product
  • Aerobic takes place in mitochondria
  • Anaerobic takes place in cytoplasm
  • Aerobic produces more ATP
  • Anaerobic produces less ATP
129
Q

Similarities between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

A
  • Both use glucose and ATP
  • Both take place inside cells
130
Q

What is cirrhosis?

A

Alcohol related disease which causes inflammation and scarring of liver where if damage to the liver continues it can result in liver failure

131
Q

Possible effects of cirrhosis?

A
  • Itchy skin
  • Jaundice
  • Decreased bile production
  • Liver will not be able to detoxify alcohol
132
Q

What is the pupil?

A

The opening in the middle through which light passes

133
Q

What is the iris?

A

A pigmented ring of muscles that controls the amount of light that enter the eye

134
Q

What is the lens?

A

Focuses light that enters eye and directs it to the back of eye (retina)

135
Q

Function of the macula?

A

Helps you see colour and fine details.

136
Q

What eye malfunction causes blurred vision?

137
Q

What eye malfunction causes tunnel vision?

138
Q

Treatment for cataracts?

A

Eye surgery to remove clouded lens and replacing it with a new one. It has a high success rate and is common. The new lens makes things clearer to see

139
Q

What are types of synovial joints/ joints?

A
  • Ball and socket e.g. hip, shoulder
  • Hinge joints e.g. knee, elbow
  • Saddle joints e.g. thumb
  • Pivot joints e.g. skull
140
Q

Possible treatments for diabetes?

A

1) Insulin injections to reduce glucose levels and prevents going into coma

2) Lifestyle changes e.g. change of diet to cure type 2 diabetes and reduce need of medication. However, requires willpower and healthy food is expensive

141
Q

Blood enters the right side of the heart through a blood vessel called the…

142
Q

What does the AV node do?

A

Slows down the electrical impulse to allow ventricles to fill with blood

143
Q

What does the P wave show on ECG trace?

A

Atria are contracting

144
Q

What does the QRS wave show on ECG trace?

A

Ventricles are contracting (SYSTOLE)

145
Q

What does the T wave show on ECG trace?

A

Ventricles are relaxing (DIASTOLE)

146
Q

What are two roles of blood proteins in the movement of fluid into and out of blood capillaries?

A

1) Increases osmotic potential of blood
2) Affects viscosity of blood

147
Q

What are two roles of hydrostatic pressure in the movement of fluid into and out of blood capillaries?

A

1) Forces blood plasma out of capillaries and into cells
2) Caused by heart contracting

148
Q

What are possible symptoms of coeliac disease?

A
  • Abdominal pain
  • Bloating
  • Unexpected weight loss
  • Flatulence (farting)
149
Q

What are possible impacts of coeliac disease?

A
  • Gluten to be removed from diet as it destroys villi of small intestine causing reduced absorption of nutrients
  • Checking food labels when shopping
  • Problems with eating out
  • Embarrassment due to flatulence
  • Social activities may occur less
150
Q

Function of salivary glands?

A

Helps moisten food and make it easier to swallow
- located under the tongue and in cheeks

151
Q

Function of the rectum?

A

Collects and holds poop until it is time to be released and links the large intestine to anus

152
Q

Function of stomach?

A
  • Contracts and relax to mix and break down food
  • Produces enzymes to digest food
  • Produces hydrochloric acid
153
Q

Function of large intestine?

A

Reabsorbs water and salts from digested food and turns it into solid waste

154
Q

What is the role of the vena cava?

A

To carry de-oxygenated blood to right atrium

155
Q

What is the role coronary artery?

A

To supply blood to left atrium and left ventricle

156
Q

What is the role of the pulmonary artery?

A

To carry de-oxygenated blood to lungs

157
Q

What is equation for anaerobic respiration?

A

GLUCOSE —-> LACTIC ACID + ENERGY

158
Q

Features of type 2 diabetes? (late onset diabetes)

A
  • Lifestyle factors e.g. obesity
  • Regulated by diet + exercise
  • Produce insulin but DOESNT RESPOND to it so glucose remains in blood
  • Insulin injections make NO difference

HSC UNIT 4 ANATOMY (1 decks)

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