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HSC UNIT 4 ANATOMY > HSC UNIT 4 Past Paper Qs > Flashcards

HSC UNIT 4 Past Paper Qs Flashcards

1
Q

What produces bile?

A

The liver

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2
Q

Where does emulsifying of fats take place?

A

In the small intestine

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3
Q

What stores bile?

A

The gallbladder

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4
Q

What are methods to treat gallstones?

A
  • Surgery- to remove gallbladder
  • Surgery- to remove gallstones
  • Meds- to dissolve gallstones
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5
Q

Actions of stomach in mechanical digestion

A
  • Large food molecules physically broken down by teeth into smaller molecules
  • Stomach walls contract
  • Churns and mixes food with hydrochloric acid
  • Surface area increased
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6
Q

Actions of stomach in chemical digestion

A
  • Stomach produces enzymes to break down large food molecules to smaller
  • Produces hydrochloric acid
  • Pepsin enzyme activated
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7
Q

What is the function of the liver?

A
  • Removes toxins from blood (e.g alcohol)
  • Regulates blood clotting
  • Produces bile (for emulsification)
  • Gets rid of old blood cells
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8
Q

What is detoxification?

A

The chemical process in which the liver breaks down alcohol

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9
Q

What are some examples of lifestyle changes?

A
  • Lose weight/ maintaining healthy weight
  • Diet
  • Stop alcohol/ drug intake
  • Exercise
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10
Q

What are some examples of monitoring techniques?

A
  • Urine tests
  • Blood tests
  • Imagining scans e.g X-rays, MRI
  • Diet monitoring
  • Regular check-ups
  • Visits from healthcare workers
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11
Q

What is corpus callosum?

A

A bridge of nervous tissue that connects cerebral hemispheres

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12
Q

What is the tough membrane layer around the brain and spinal cord?

A

Meninges

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13
Q

What is role of eustachian tube?

A

Makes sure that pressure in middle ear is same as the pressure in atmosphere

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14
Q

Role of semi-circular canals in ear?

A

Have a role in maintaining balance

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15
Q

What are some treatments used to reduce effects of nephrotic syndrome?

A
  • Diuretics
  • Kidney transplant
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16
Q

Function of kidney by kidney nephrones?

A
  • Excretion- Urea and toxins removed from blood
  • Ultrafiltration- Blood flowing through capillaries is filtered
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17
Q

Effects of cystic fibrosis?

A
  • Mucus thicker than normal
  • Mucus build up in lungs
  • Lung problems e.g breathlessness, coughing
  • Digestive problems- malnutrition
  • Shortened life expectancy
  • Can affect kidney function
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18
Q

Causes of cystic fibrosis?

A
  • Inherited caused by malnutrition in gene leading to low level of protein produced
  • Faulty protein produced
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19
Q

What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

A
  • Aerobic needs oxygen
  • Anaerobic produced lactic acid
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20
Q

What is the role of ATP?

A

ATP provides energy for cells

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21
Q

What is equation for aerobic respiration?

A

ATP
Glucose + oxygen ——> Carbon dioxide + water

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22
Q

What are the possible treatments for hypertension?

A
  • ACE inhibitors
  • Diuretics
  • Statins
  • Beta blockers
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23
Q

What are risk factors of hypertension?

A
  • Age
  • Race- Common among people of African heritage
  • Genetics- High b.p can run in families
  • Obesity- As volume of blood in blood vessels increases, so does pressure in artery walls
  • High cholesterol- Narrowed arteries
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24
Q

What are biological causes of hypertension?

A
  • Increase of systolic pressure
  • Increase of diastolic pressure
  • Narrowed arteries that resist blood flow
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25
Q

Why is it important for blood to regulate body temperature?

A

Because cell/body functions start to fail if temperature is too high or low
- Too high= Dehydration, stroke, death
- Too low= Hypothermia + death

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26
Q

What is function of a platelet?

A

They help clot blood to prevent bleeding + prevent bacteria entering cut

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27
Q

Function of neutrophil? (LARGEST W B C)

A

Neutrophil destroys bacteria to prevent infection

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28
Q

Function of lymphocyte? ( W B C)

A

Lymphocytes produce antibodies to fight against infection

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29
Q

Function of erythrocyte? ( R B C)

A

Erythrocyte transports oxygen around body

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30
Q

Function of plasma?

A

Plasma is a fluid that transports substances dissolved in water

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31
Q

Impacts of osteoarthritis? (PIES)

A

P: Tiredness, pain, swelling, medication side effects

I/ E: Loss of independence, frustration, depression, unable to do hobbies

S: Affects social activities, have to attend appointments, inability to work

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32
Q

Symptoms of osteoarthritis?

A
  • Painful joints
  • Stiff range of motion in joints
  • Swollen/ inflamed joints
  • Deformed joints
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33
Q

What is ligament ?

A

A fibrous cord that attaches one bone to another to hold them in position

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34
Q

What are antagonistic pairs?

A

As one muscle contracts, the other relaxes or lengthens

E.g biceps + triceps, quads + hams

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35
Q

What are some care needs of hearing loss?

A
  • Regular monitoring of hearing loss/ check ups
  • Advice regarding hearing aids and how go charge and change batteries
  • Sign language taught
  • Lip reading support
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36
Q

Function of autonomic nervous system?

A

Autonomic system regulates body functions that are not consciously controlled such as breathing and heart rate

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37
Q

Function of central nervous system?

A
  • CNS consists of brain and spinal cord.
  • Main role in control and coordination of most body functions
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38
Q

Function of peripheral nervous system?

A

Peripheral nervous system consists of sensory and motor neurons that transmit nerve impulses to and from brain and spinal cord

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39
Q

Function of spinal cord?

A

Allows communication between brain and body

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40
Q

What has a role in regulating body temp and thirst?

A

Hypothamalus

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41
Q

What two components have a role in decision-making and processing info?

A
  • Frontal lobe
  • Cerebral cortex
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42
Q

What component has role of automatic functions like breathing and swallowing?

A

Medulla

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43
Q

Structure of myelin sheath ?

A
  • Layer around Schwann cells
  • Lined with fatty substance
  • Wrapped around axon
  • Has Nodes of Ranvier
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44
Q

What are possible symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS) ?

A
  • Fatigue
  • Muscle spasms/cramps
  • Problems with mobility
  • Memory loss/cognitive issues
  • Loss of balance
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45
Q

Why does multiple sclerosis cause the symptoms it causes?

A
  • Autoimmune disease
  • White blood cells attack the myelin sheath
  • Inflammation
  • Scarred tissue forms
  • Axon is no longer protected
  • Permanent nerve damage
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46
Q

What is the role of the pituitary gland?

A
  • To produce and release several hormones that help carry out important bodily functions.
  • Regulates other endocrine glands
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47
Q

Symptoms of diabetes?

A
  • Frequent urination
  • Fatigue
  • Thirsty
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48
Q

What are possible impacts of diabetes? (PIES)

A

P: Tired all the time, vision loss, kidney failure

I / E: Frustration, has to inject before meals, depression, embarrassment

S: Trouble socialising when eating out, going out less, occupied with appointments for blood testing / monitoring

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49
Q

Difference between type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes?

A

Type 1 is lifelong & the body’s immune system attacks and destroys cells that produce insulin

Type 2- Body does not produce enough insulin OR body cells stop responding to insulin properly

50
Q

What are the functions of bile?

A

1) Emulsifys fats
2) Neutralises stomach acid

51
Q

What are symptoms of gallstones?

A
  • Stomach pain
  • Vomiting
  • Digestive issues e.g diarrohea
52
Q

Biological causes of gallstones?

A
  • Chemical imbalance of bile
    -Tiny crystals develop into larger ‘stones’
  • Bile duct can become blocked
  • High cholesterol
53
Q

Lifestyle risks of gallstones?

A
  • High fat diet
  • Excess alcohol
  • Cirrhosis
  • Sedentary lifestyle
  • Obesity
54
Q

Possible impacts of high blood pressure?

A
  • Increased risk of CHD e.g heart attack
  • Increased risk of kidney disease
55
Q

What is a role the lymphatic system ?

A
  • Defends body against infection
  • Keeps body fluid levels in balance
56
Q

What is the role of cartilage?

A

To reduce friction and protect your joints and bones

57
Q

What are possible causes of osteoporosis?

A
  • Old age
  • Lack of vitamin D
  • Lack of calcium
  • Certain medications
58
Q

Possible treatments for osteoporosis?

A
  • Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) to increase oestrogen hormones. Reduces loss of bone density and stimulates bone production. They come in tablets, gel or patches.
  • Vitamin D / calcium supplements which helps improve bone density and strengthens the bone to prevent bone fractures.
59
Q

Function of ciliary muscle in the eye?

A

Changes the shape of the lens to enable the eye to focus

60
Q

What are stapes in the ear?

A

A small bone that transmits sound vibrations within the ear

61
Q

What is the organ of Corti?

A

Membranes lined with sensitive rows of hair cells

62
Q

What is the round window in the ear?

A

A further drum-like membrane that allows movement of fluid in the cochlea

63
Q

What is the middle ear?

A
  • Contains 3 small bones: malleus, incus & stapes.
  • The middle ear is separated from the external ear by the ear drum
64
Q

What nerve carries impulses from the ear to the brain?

A

The auditory nerve

65
Q

What is the nerve that carries impulses from eye to brain?

A

The optic nerve

66
Q

What is the axon in myelin sheath?

A

Long, thin part of the neuron that conducts the impulse

67
Q

What is the dendron in myelin sheath?

A

Short, branched part of the neuron that receives impulses from other neurons

68
Q

What does the myelin sheath consist of?

A

Schwann cells forming an insulating layer

69
Q

What is the node of Ranvier?

A

A gap between Schwann cells that helps to speed up the nerve impulse

70
Q

What are causes of glaucoma?

A
  • Pressure build-up
  • Eye fluid is unable to drain properly
  • Fluid cannot escape leading to build-up
  • Fluid presses on optic nerve damaging it
  • Leads to blindness if fluid & pressure not treated
71
Q

Glaucoma is caused by pressure build up in the eye, why could pressure build up in the eye?

A
  • Too much fluid (vitreous humour) in the eye
  • Fluid is unable to drain away
  • Blocked ducts
72
Q

Possible symptoms of glaucoma?

A
  • May have no symptoms
  • Eye pain
  • Eye redness
  • Vision issues
73
Q

Effects of glaucoma?

A
  • Blurred vision
  • Tunnel vision
  • Patchy blind spots
  • Problems with peripheral vision
  • Coloured halos around bright lights
74
Q

What is the function of the vena cava?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart

75
Q

Function of tricuspid valve?

A
  • Prevents back flow of blood
  • Allows blood flow between right atrium and right ventricle
76
Q

Function of bicuspid valve?

A

-Prevents back flow of blood
- Allows blood flow between left atrium and left ventricle

77
Q

Function of aortic semilunar valve?

A

Makes blood flow in one direction from left ventricle to aorta

78
Q

What are the lungs?

A

A pair of lobed structures made up of a series of bronchioles which end in tiny air sacs called alveoli

79
Q

Functions of the buccal cavity in digestive system?

A
  • Mechanical digestion by chewing
  • Chemical digestion of starch by salivary amylase
80
Q

Function of stomach in digestive system?

A
  • Mechanical digestion by muscular churning
  • Chemical digestion of proteins by pepsin
81
Q

What is the cause of coeliac disease?

A

Gluten in wheat causes autoimmune response and results in body attacking and destroying villi of small intestine

82
Q

What are two purposes of gaseous exchange?

A

1) To obtain oxygen for aerobic respiration and production of ATP from glucose in body cells
2) To prevent CO2 build-up in the blood and preventing cell activity

83
Q

What is function of pleural membrane?

A

The pleura is a thin membrane that lines chest wall and lungs.

  • Cushions lungs & makes breathing easier
  • Prevents rubbing against chest wall
84
Q

What happens in inspiration?

A
  • External intercostal muscles contract while internal intercostal relax
  • Ribs pulled up and out
  • Diaphragm muscles contract & flatten
  • Increased volume in lungs/thorax
85
Q

What happens in expiration?

A
  • INTERNAL intercostal muscles contract while EXTERNAL intercostal relax
  • Ribs move down and in
  • Diaphragm relax and pushed up
  • Decreased volume in lungs/thorax
86
Q

What are some physical effects of emphysema?

A
  • Less oxygen obtained by the body
  • Less surface area for gas exchange
  • Destroys alveoli of lungs
87
Q

What are some care needs someone with emphysema may have?

A
  • Oxygen cylinder to assist breathing
  • Wheelchair due to chance of immobility
  • Stair lift for wheelchair
  • One storey house
  • Home help
88
Q

What connects and coordinates the two sides of brain?

A

Corpus callosum

89
Q

What part of brain controls breathing and heart rate?

A

Medulla

90
Q

What part of brain modifies muscular responses and stores learnt fine movements?

A

Cerebellum

91
Q

What part of brain receives information from the sense organs?

A

Cerebral cortex

92
Q

What are possible causes of stroke?

A
  • High cholesterol/fat in diet
  • High salt in diet
  • Obesity
  • High b.p leading to blood vessel to burst in brain
93
Q

What physical problems can stroke cause?

A
  • Speech problems
  • Swallowing problems
  • Movement of limbs problems, difficulty gripping/holding things
94
Q

What are possible EFFECTS of multiple sclerosis (MS)?

A
  • Difficulty with mobility so may need wheelchair
  • Memory/cognitive problems
  • Difficulty holding/gripping things may need home help
  • Bed bound so may need home help
95
Q

Why are homeostatic mechanisms important?

A

To maintain and regulate optimum internal conditions e.g. regulation of blood glucose lvls

96
Q

How are blood glucose levels regulated by homeostatic mechanisms?

A

1) When glucose too HIGH- pancreas detects rise- islets of Langerhans release INSULIN- lowers glucose lvls.

2) When glucose too LOW- pancreas detects drop- islet cells release GLUCAGON- activates release of glucose from stored GLYCOGEN-increases glucose lvls

97
Q

What are some functions of blood?

A
  • Transport oxygen and nutrients around body
  • Form blood clots to prevent excess blood loss
  • Prevent infection
  • Regulate body temperature
98
Q

What are lifestyle factors that can cause heart disease?

A
  • Lack of regular exercise
  • High alcohol intake
  • Too much stress
  • Smoking
  • Unhealthy diet (i.e. high fat)
99
Q

What are some lifestyle changes to reduce high b.p (hypertension)?

A
  • Exercise regularly
  • Reduce salt and fat intake
100
Q

Role of the tear gland in the eye?

A

Produces fluid to clean an lubricate the front of the eye

101
Q

What is the conjunctiva in the eye?

A

A thin membrane that covers and protects the surface of the eye

102
Q

What is the cornea in the eye?

A

Transparent and protective layer of eye that helps see clearly and keeps out things that don’t belong in eyes.

103
Q

What are some possible causes of deafness?

A
  • Prolonged exposure to loud noise
  • Blocked ear canal
  • Damage to auditory nerve
104
Q

What are possible effects of deafness on lifestyle?

A
  • Difficulty hearing conversation
  • Need of hearing aid
  • Has to learn sign language
105
Q

What are possible treatments of deafness?

A
  • Hearing aid
  • Ear drops
  • Cochlea implants
106
Q

Features of alveoli walls to enable gaseous exchange to be efficient?

A
  • Large surface area
  • Thin, only one cell thick
107
Q

How does diffusion gradient enable oxygen to move out of alveoli and into capillaries?

A

Oxygen moves down concentration gradient from an area of high concentration to area of low concentration

108
Q

Monitoring techniques for emphysema?

A
  • Scans e.g. MRI or X-ray to see progression of condition
  • Peak flow monitor to monitor how well lungs can expel air
109
Q

What are possible causes for blocked artery?

A
  • Fatty deposits in artery wall narrowing arteries
  • Cholesterol deposits leading to plaque build up
  • Blood clots formed
110
Q

What are risk factors of blocked coronary?

A
  • Smoking can increase risk of CHD
  • Obesity
  • High cholesterol levels
  • High fat diet
111
Q

What are some biological causes of a stroke?

A

High blood pressure which can lead to blood burst and leak in brain

112
Q

What are some possible treatments for stroke?

A

1) ACE inhibitors- Which can be taken as tablets everyday and help with reducing blood pressure which decrease risk of further stroke

2) Statins- Lowers cholesterol, also can be taken as tablets everyday and have limited side effects, however, may take time to become effective

113
Q

What are possible treatments of asthma?

A

1) General inhalers- easy to carry and portable so can be carried anywhere. However, can be easily lost as they are small

2) Anti-inflammatory tablets- reduce inflammation and prevents asthma attacks. However, side effects i.e. headaches. Another advantage is that they are non-steroid.

114
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A

A flap tissue that prevent food entering windpipe to prevent chocking

115
Q

What are possible symptoms of IBS?

A
  • Stomach ache/pain
  • Diarrhoea
  • Constipation
116
Q

What are possible causes of IBS?

A
  • Infection of large intestine
  • Stress
  • Eating triggers
117
Q

Possible treatments for managing IBS?

A
  • Probiotics
  • Medication e.g. laxatives
118
Q

Possible lifestyle changes for managing IBS?

A
  • Restricted diet
  • Avoid eating trigger foods
  • Low fibre diet/reduce from diet
119
Q

What is the process of breakdown of excess, toxic and unwanted products by the liver?

A

1) Liver breaks down excess amino acids by deamination
2) Very toxic ammonia is produced
3) Liver converts to less toxic urea
4) Urea then taken to kidneys
5) Removed from blood and body in urine form

120
Q
A

HSC UNIT 4 ANATOMY (1 decks)

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