HROB ch 2 Flashcards
Personality
Psychological characteristics that effects the way people interact with things and behave
The Dispositional Approach
People behave in relatively stable and predictable ways due to their inherent traits. These traits shape how they respond to different situations, and they are consistent across time and environments.
The Situational Approach
Characteristics of organizational setting such as punishment and reward shape peoples behaviour and attitudes.
The Interactionist Approach
Argues that both internal factors (personality) and external factors (environment) shape peoples behaviours.
Personality and situations
- Weak situations, roles are loosely defined, there
are few rules and weak reinforcement and
punishment contingencies. - Personality has the strongest effect in weak
situations. - Strong situations, the roles, rules, and
contingencies are more defined. - Personality has less of an impact in strong
situations.
Trait Activation Theory
Personality traits lead to certain behaviours only
when the situation makes the need for the trait
salient.
The Five-Factor Model of Personality
- Extraversion
– Emotional stability/neuroticism
– Agreeableness
– Conscientiousness
– Openness to experience
Locus of Control
A set of beliefs about whether one’s behaviour is
controlled mainly by internal or external factors.
Self-Monitoring
The extent to which people observe and regulate
how they appear and behave in social settings
and relationships.
Self-Esteem
The degree to which a person has a positive
self-evaluation.
Behavioural Plasticity Theory
- People with low self-esteem tend to be more
susceptible to external and social influences than
those who have high self-esteem. - Events and people in organizations have more
impact on the beliefs and actions of employees
with low self-esteem.
Positive and Negative Affectivity
- People who are high on positive affectivity (PA)
experience positive emotions and moods and view
the world in a positive light. - People who are high on negative affectivity (NA)
experience negative emotions and moods and
view the world in a negative light.
Proactive Personality
Refers to the tendency of individuals to take initiative, make things happen, and influence their environment rather than simply reacting to situations.
General Self-Efficacy
Individual’s belief in his or her ability to perform successfully in a variety of challenging situations.
What Is Learning?
Learning occurs when practice or experience
leads to a relatively permanent change in
behaviour potential.
Operant learning
Is a method of learning through rewards and punishment. Operant learning is good to increase and reduce certain behaviours.
Reinforcement
A stimulas that follows from some behaviour which increases the probability of that behaviour.
Positive reinforcement
Involves ADDING a positive stimulas that maintains or increases a certain behaviour.
Negative reinforcement
Involves REMOVING a negative stimulas that maintains or increases a certain behaviour.
Extinction
Means removing the the stimulas that is reinforcing the unwanted behaviour
Punishment
ADDING a negative stimulas to DECREASE the probability of a certain behaviour
Social Cognitive Theory
Behaviour can be explained through a system of personal and environmental factors that work together to influence peoples behaviour
Observational Learning
The process of observing and imitating the
behaviour of others
