HRM All Flashcards
What is HRM?
The organisational function, that deals with issues related to the workforce
What are advantages of HRM
Competitive advantage(human capital)
Increased performance
What should be defined in a job analysis/job advertisement
Job and behaviour
Characteristics needed
What is meant by job and behaviour in job analysis ?
Tasks
Duties
Responsibilities
What is meant by characteristics needed in job analysis ?
KSAO’s
Qualifications
Requirements
What does KSAO’s stand for ?
Knowledge
Skills
Abilities
Other characteristics
What are two rules you should take into account when advertising jobs?
Be specific on work and pay
Be realistic
What are pros of internal recruitment ?
Less costly
Signals opportunities for growth
Less training and socialisation needed
What are cons of internal recruitment
Now new perspectives enter
Social dynamics shift
Homogeneity of team (limit diversity)
What are pros of external recruitment ?
Higher likelihood for diversity
New perspective
More creativity
What are cons of external recruitment ?
Training and socialisation
Equity and fairness (unfairness for internal employees)
What is the selection method and when does it apply?
Selection of best recruits
Follows recruitment process
What is important for selection methods ?
Reliability
Viability
What is screening
Getting recommendations of cvs for deeper look by software
What are pros of screening ?
Cost effective
Easy filter (saves time)
What are disadvantages of screening ?
Irrelevant information (selection of wrong screening criteria)
Information distortion (misleading cv info by applicants)
Stereotypes and biases
What are advantages of a cognitive test
Predicts performance best
Objective
Standardized
Cheap
What are negative effects of cognitive tests ?
Mostly only viable for complex jobs
Can lead to less diversity
What are pros of personality test ?
Predictive
Efficient
What are cons of personality tests ?
Can be faked
Different collocation for different jobs
What are work samples ?
Simulations instead of tests
Role plays, discussions, tests
What are pros of work samples ?
Fair
predictive of performance
What are cons of work samples ?
Can be timely
Only used for higher positions
Unclear measuring
What are pros of face to face interviews ?
Can show many factors
Interactive (also for applicant)
What are cons of face to face interviews?
Can be socially manipulated
Bias
Timely
What is motivation?
Psychological drive to behave in a particular fashion
What are the three components of motivation ?
Intensity (how hard you try)
Direction (toward beneficial goal)
Persistence (how long you try)
What are motivation drivers ?
Extrinsic motivation
Intrinsic motivation
What is extrinsic and intrinsic motivation?
Extrinsic: money, fame, grades
External factors
Intrinsic: joy, growth, feeling good)
Internal factors
What is the herzberg two factor theory ?
Motivation by two factors:
Hygiene factors: factors preventing dissatisfaction(salary, working condition)
Motivators: job satisfaction (achievement recognition,responsibility)
What is the goal setting theory ?
Challenging goals combined with feedback lead to higher performance
What is the Expectancy theory ?
Individuals motivation is influenced by expectations of success
What is the equity theory ?
Motivation is indicated by perception of fairness and distribution of reward and recourses in a group
What is the reinforcement theory ?
Reinforcing positive behaviour will lead to more positive behaviour and punishment of negative behaviour leads to less negative behaviour
What is the self determination theory ?
3 basic needs tried to be satisfied
Need for autonomy (control)
Need for competence (having skill)
Need for relatedness (belonging)
How is motivation related to performance ?
Performance is a function of motivation
What is the AMO model
Performance is motivation * ability * environment
What does the AMO model suggest ?
Motivation itself is some indicator of performance.
Hire people with abilities and motivation
Create suitable environment (leadership, resources, job design)
How is motivation related to personality ?
Neuroticism=low motivation
Conscientiousness=high motivation
Locus of control=positive
What is performance ?
A mixture of behaviour and outcomes
How is performance measured ?
Output and quality measures
What are pros of rating outcomes ?
Objective (no risk for bias)
High validity
What are cons of rating outcomes ?
Ignores behaviour
Doesn’t necessarily predict performance
Feedback can be useless
How is behaviour rated ?
Personal traits
Organisational citizen ship behaviour
What are cons of rating behaviour ?
Bias
Constantly monitor
What are pros of rating behaviours?
Informative
High acceptability
What is performance management ?
Process of ensuring that employees work towards common strategic goal
What is part of performance management ?
Job assignment
Goal setting
Coaching
Feedback
Reward/punishment
Appraisal
What are the three steps of performance management ?
Determine performance goals/measures
Asses and evaluate performance
Feedback/consequences
Why should Performance be measured ?
Performance is important for
Between Person decisions (promotion)
Within Person decision (feedback)
Documentation and performance
What does goal setting achieve ?
Engagement into behaviour Meeting org. Goals
What are smart goals ?
Goals that are:
Specific well measurable
Attainable
Timely
What are the difference between performance and learning goals ?
Performance goals: focus on performance
Learning goals: focus on knowledge
What are advantages of learning goals ?
Higher performance
Self efficacy
Goal commitment
What are sources of information when measuring performance ?
Supervisor(info)
Peers
Subordinates
Self
Clients
What is the halo horn effect ?
Positive overall impression Leads to exaggeration of specific traits
Or other way around
What is the contrast effect ?
Comparing two individuals and rating each other based on differences and not rule set
What is the similar to me effect ?
Rating similar persons better
What is the leniency and severity effect ?
Tester consistently giving better or worse results
What is the central tendency effect ?
Tendency to avoid extreme ratings
What are contingent rewards ?
Reward dependent on behaviour
What is a non contingent reward ?
Reward given without behaviour needed
What is the over justification effect ?
Intrinsic motivation is reduced due to start of gaining extrinsic reward
When are intrinsic rewards more useful?
Complex tasks
When are extrinsic rewards more useful?
Simpler tasks
What is merit based pay ?
Pay increase for performance Based on criteria
What is piece rated pay ?
Paid by item done
What is gain sharing pay ?
Employees pay increased when companies save money
What is profit sharing pay ?
Payment based on company profit
What is bonus pay?
Extra Pay based on performance
What are benefits of training and development ?
Increase KSAO‘s
Increase performance/competitive advantage
Opportunities to grow for candidates
Technology
Effective leadership
What are the 4 stages of the training cycle ?
Identify learning needs
Design Training
Deliver training
Evaluate training
What needs to be asked in stage one of the training cycle
Is there a need for training/what’s the benefit
Where and in what context is training needed
What and who needs to be trained
What’s declarative knowledge ?
Facts, rules and principles
What’s procedural knowledge?
How (riding bike)
What three learning outcome types are there ?
Cognitive outcomes (facts)
Skill based outcomes (excel)
Affective outcomes (beliefs)
Why is pre training motivation good ?
Understand need
Readiness
Highlight importance
Will it be used
What are Characteristics for measuring performance ?
GMA(general mental ability)
Goal orientation( mastery or performance)
Experience(high exp. Better performance)
Self efficacy(belief one can learn)
What is important to take into account in step 2 of the employee life cycle ?
Clear objectives
Meaningful and relevant
Learnings
Practice opportunities
Feedback
Observation
What is competence and sequence ?
Determine optimal sequencing (main task,sub task)
What is the behaviourist theory ?
Learning is done by reinforcement and practice
What does the social learning theory say ?
Learning by observing, coping and Modeling other behaviours
What does the error management theory say ?
Errors used for learning
Encourage errors
What is the knowledge of result theory ?
Feedback is needed to learn, enables correction and increases performance
What are presentation methods ?
Audio visual
Distance learning
Presentation
Web Meeting
On the job training
What are hands on presentation methods ?
Cade studies
Self directed
Role play
Simulation
On the job
What do the difference between mentoring and coaching ?
Mentoring:long term relationship
Coaching: goal oriented
When is a training effective ?
Employees are:
Satisfied
Motivated
Enhanced KSAOs
Transfer training
What is the Kirk Patrick 4 level model ?
Framework for evaluating the effectiveness of trainings
What are the 4 levels of the Kirk Patrick; level model ?
Reaction(survey)
Learning(test before and after)
Behaviour (observation survey)
Results (performance)
Which learning techniques are most effective ?
Distributed practice: schedule of practice
Practice testing: self testing
What is the job characteristics model ?
Certain characteristics of a job influence motivation
What are the 5 characteristics of the job characteristics model ?
Skill variety(different skills needed)
Task identify(recognisable outcome)
Task significance
Autonomy
Feedback
What are the 5 dimensions of redesigning jobs ?
Crafting (proactive changes to job)
Rotation (shifting tasks/sectors)
Enlargement (variety of task/meaningfulness)
Enrichment (client contact)
Arrangement (work hours remote)
What is tele pressure ?
Stress caused by technology(work phone)
What are results of tele pressure
Exhaustion
Burnout
Sleep quality
Absenteeism
What are benefits of AI in HRM ?
Efficiency, cost saving, standardisation
Monitoring, improve employees mental health
What are challenges of AI in HRM?
Job insecurity
Limited interaction
How to interpret
Résistance
Laws
Why do people resist AI?
Parochial self interest
Misunderstanding
Different assessments of change
Low tolerance for change
How to overcome resistance ?
Communication and education
Participation and involvement
Facilitation and support
Negotiations and agreement
Manipulation
Coercion
What are cotters 3 main steps for leading change ?
Create a climate for change
Engage and enable all members
Implement and sustain change
What are the three sub categories of creating a climate for change? (kotter)
Increase urgency
Build guiding team
Get right vision
What are the three sub categories of engaging and enabling whole organisation? (kotter)
Communicate for buy in
Empower action
Create short term wins
What are the two sub categories implementing and sustaining change (kotter)
Don’t let up
Make it stick
What are the three main consequences of stress ?
Behavioural consequences
Psychological consequences
Physical consequences
What are behavioural consequences?
Absence
Accidents
Drug abuse
Poor decision making
Poor processing
Turnover
What are psychological consequences?
Burnout
Depression
Anxiety
Family conflict
What are physical consequences?
Heart diseases
Stroke
Back pain
Digestive problems
Blood pressure
What is a positive state of mind categorised by ?
Vigor: persistence
Dedication
Absorption: conscentration
How do depressive symptoms and life satisfaction relate to work engagement ?
Less for depressive
More for satisfaction
What does the demands resource model (JD-R) implicate ?
Well being and performance is indicated by demands of task and resources available
