HPY210- Applied counselling skills (Intro) Flashcards
what are the key ingredients of effective counselling?
- client factors (AKA extra-therapeutic change) 40%
- relationship factors (AKA common factors) 30%
- techniques 15%
- expectancy 15%
what is a textbook definition of counselling?
An intimate form of learning that demands a practitioner who is willing to be in an authentic person in the therapeutic relationship. It is in the context of a person-to-person connection where the client experiences growth.
how are counselling skills different from interpersonal skills?
-active listening with awareness of personal biases
-focus on 1 person with non-judgemental and purposeful responses.
-confidentiality is key.
-high effort to understand what the client is saying with micro skills applied.
-goal-focussed
common ways counselling can help
-Insight (origin of problems comprehended)
-Awareness (notice and experience ABC)
-Self-acceptance (develop pos attitude towards yourself)
-Relating with others (ability to maintain satisfying relationships with others.)
common goals/tasks in counselling
-problem-solving
-psychoeducation
-cognitive change
-behaviour change
3 strategies when working with feelings
1.Building awareness (research feelings ->words, lowered amygdala arousal.)
2.Expressing feelings (feelings are tolerated, use bodily awareness to get in touch with feelings)
3.Reflection and regulation
when and why do people change and what are the exceptions?
-change when they are excited enough about anticipated gains/rewards, or when they are desperate enough to avoid/escape losses/consequences.
-when ambivalent, people do not change (generally)
two theories to consider:
1.Appraisal theory
2.Approach/Avoidance theory
Exceptions:
-desire to fit in/belong (peer pressure)
-forced to change (e.g. partner ultimatum, legal requirement, enforced by work, societal changes
in the first session, what do you want to know?
-name
-confidentiality
-reason for therapy
-past history with therapy
-medication
-past/current diagnosis
-aims for therapy
-studying?
-living situation
-interests
what are the 3 (coexisting) processes in counselling and how many sub-stages?
1.counselling
2.change
3.maintaining change
(6 stages each)
what are the sub-stages in the counselling stage?
1.developing trust/engagement
2.exploring the problem
3.goal-setting
4.empowering action
5.maintaining the change
6.ending counselling
what are the sub-stages in the change stage?
1.pre-contemplation
2.contemplation
3.preparation
4.action
5.maintenance
6.termination, or (lapse/relapse)
what are the sub-stages in the sustaining stage?
1.anticipating/preventing problems
2.stop trigger of return to problematic behaviour
3.maintaining/ analysing high risk situations
4.teaching coping responses
5.stopping a lapse/relapse
6.dealing with helplessness, reduce expectations of old patterns of thinking/behaving.
how do you help clients change and maintain the behaviour change?
1.performance. B- client must do something about their problematic behaviour.
2.practice/rehearsal. development of new skills, help them practice them.
3.homework. negotiate some tasks to carry out during the times between the sessions (including practicing the newly learned skills).
what are they factors for initiating a change? (action stage)
1.readiness
2.importance
3.confidence
what skills should be practiced?
1.genuinity
2.empathy
3.concreteness (keeping session goal-directed and clear)
4.challenge (non-aggressive challenging of unrealistic perception)
(5.warmth)
How many steps are there in the process of making ethical judgements and taking action?
17 steps
What are the first 5 steps involved in making ethical judgements and taking action?
- State the question/dilemma/concern as clearly as possible.
- Anticipate who’ll be affected by the decision
- Identify the client (if there is one). Are there multiple clients?
- Assess your competence. Do you have any essential knowledge/skills/experience/expertise missing?
- Review formal ethical standards.
Summary:
State dilemma, Anticipate affected, Identify client, Assess competence, Review formal ethical standards.
What are the 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, and 10th steps involved in making ethical judgements and taking action?
- Review relevant legal standards
- Review relevant research and theory
- Consider personal feelings/biases/self-interest/countertransference.
- Account for social/religious/cultural factors in finding the best course of action.
- Consider consulting other psychologists and your supervisor.
Summary:
Review legal standards, Review research/theory, Consider countertransference, Account for social/religious/cultural factors, Consider consulting others.
What are the 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th and 17th steps involved in making ethical judgements and taking action?
- Develop possible courses of action
- Think through possible courses of action
- Adopt perspective of all parties affected
- Decide what to do. review/reconsider/act
- Document process, assess the results
- Assume personal responsibility for the consequences
- Consider implications for preparation/planning/prevention.
Summary:
Develop courses of action, Think through options, Adopt perspectives, Decide what to do, Document and analyse results, Assume responsibility, Consider prep/planning/prevention implications.
What are ALL steps involved in making ethical judgements and taking action?
- State dilemma
- Anticipate affected
- Identify clients
- Assess competence
- Review formal ethical standards
- Review legal standards
- Review research/theory
- Consider countertransference
- Account for social/religious/cultural factors
- Consider consulting others
- Develop possible courses of action
- Think through options
- Adopt perspectives
- Decide what to do
- Document and analyse results
- Assume responsibility
- Consider prep/planning/prevention implications
What are the common themes within the APS code of ethics?
- Do no Harm
- Duty of Care
- Know your limits
- Respect the interests of the client
- Respect the law
What are the ethical standards under general principle A: Respect for the rights and dignity of people and peoples?
A.1. Justice
A.2. Respect
A.3. Informed consent
A.4. Privacy
A.5. Confidentiality
A.6. Release of information to clients
A.7. Collection of client information from associated parties
What are the ethical standards under general principle B: Propriety?
B.1. Competence
B.2. Record keeping
B.3. Professional responsibility
B.4. Provision of psychological services at the request of a third party
B.5. Provision of psychological services to multiple clients
B.6. Delegation of professional tasks
B.7. Use of interpreters
B.8. Collaborating with others for the benefit of clients
B.9. Accepting clients of other professionals
B.10. Suspension of psychological services
B.11. Termination of psychological services
B.12. Conflicting demands
B.13. Psychological assessments
B.14. Research
What are the ethical standards under general principle C: Integrity?
C.1. Reputable behaviour
C.2. Communication
C.3. Conflict of interest
C.4. Non-exploitation
C.5. Authorship
C.6. Financial arrangements
C.7. Ethics investigations and concerns
What are the 3 APS general principles?
A: Respect for the rights and dignity of people and peoples
B: Propriety
C: Integrity
What do the APS general principles include/entail?
A: Respect for the rights and dignity of people and peoples.
1. Right to Autonomy
2. Justice
B: Propriety
1. Beneficence
2. non-Maleficence
3. Competence]
4. Responsibility to clients/profession/society).
C: Integrity
1. need for a Good Character
2. recognition of high level of trust needed in professional relationships
3. recognition of their conduct’s impact on the reputation of the profession.)
