HPHD Flashcards
Explain the transactional model of stress
Primary appraisal of the stressor - potential severity
Secondary appraisal - do we have the resources to cope?
If no –> stress
Reappraisal - assess our coping techniques and if they work
Give the two types of emotion focused coping and examples of each
Behavioural - talking to friends, alcohol
Cognitive - denial, focusing on positives
Give examples of problem focused coping
Using a wheelchair
Get physiotherapy
Any other example where resources are used
Give three ways doctors can help to improve patient control and examples of each
Mobilising social support - refer to PALS or support groups
Reduce ambiguity - effective communication
Increase personal control - CBT, pain management
Give the three stages of sexual response
Desire, arousal and orgasm
Give the four categories of sexual dysfunction and examples
Predisposing - sexual trauma, false beliefs, physical vulnerability
Precipitating - partner problems, life events
Self perpetuating - guilt, shame, anger
Partner perpetuating - pressure to perform, criticism, guilt
Define identity, orientation, behaviour and expression
Identity - how the person describes themselves
Orientation - the gender that the person is attracted to
Behaviour - the acts the person actually performs (MSM)
Expression - how people show themselves in society
Explain the SPIKES tool in breaking bad news
Setting - one on one in a separate room
Patient’s perception - what does the patient already know? ICE
Invitation - how much does the person want to know?
Knowledge - give a warning shot then tell them
Empathy - show it
Summary/ strategy - refer to support groups and summarise
Give the three forms of death
Gradual
Premature
Catastrophic
What is the primary aim of palliative care?
To allow the person to die as they want
Give two reasons why someone might grieve for longer than two years
Discouragement of grief expression
Discouragement of grief ending
What conditions might occur if the person has not accepted the death of a loved one after two years?
PTSD
Anxiety
Depression
Give the five stages of grief
Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance
What is adherence?
The extent to which the patient acts in line with the plan set out by the patient and doctor
Give some ways that we can measure adherence
Pill counting
Blood levels
Urine excretion of product
Observing the person take the pills
Give some reasons that a patient may not adhere to treatment
Poor education
Side effects experienced
Psychological health
UNINTENTIONAL
Make the distinction between hazardous and harmful drinkers
Hazardous - alcohol consumption is too high but they have not yet experienced symptoms or ill health
Harmful - the drinking has started to take a toll on the persons life
Give the two subsets of alcohol dependence
Moderate - withdrawal symptoms
Severe - withdrawal symptoms with relief drinking
Give the questions asked as part of the CAGE alcohol tool
Have you felt the need to CUT DOWN?
Do you get ANNOYED at yourself for drinking?
Do you feel GUILTY after a night of drinking?
Have you had an EYE OPENER to your heavy drinking?
Why has the biopsychosocial model taken over from the biomedical model?
The biomedical model doesn’t recognise that some diseases are due to psychological problems or social circumstance
What is the flaw with stereotyping?
It overlooks diversity within a subgroup of people
Describe the cognitive component of stereotyping
We file things that are similar under schemata within the brain to streamline processing. These are commonly relied upon at times of pressure and stress
Describe the emotional component of stereotyping
Prejudice. A few negative traits of some people within a schemata group leads us to hold prejudice against the entire group and see them in a bad light
Describe the behavioural component of stereotyping
Discrimination. Treating people differently based on the prejudices that we hold
Give the two forms of intelligence and state which changes in ageing
Crystallised - stable throughout life
Fluid - declines with age
Give the five areas of intelligence that decline with age
Verbal meaning Verbal fluency Inductive reasoning Numeracy Spatial orientation
Give the two ways that ageing can be performed successfully
Disengagement - withdraw from society
Activity - take part in youth culture
Give some factors that open and close the gate in the gate control theory of pain
Open - negativity, injury, stress, underactivity
Close - positivity, medication, relaxation, exercise
What is the definition of chronic pain? What can we do about it?
Pain lasting more than 12 weeks
Refer to the pain management programme which helps people take control of their pain with exercise, medications, relaxation and autonomy in ADLs
Give Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development and the ages at which they occur
Sensorimotor 0-2yrs - babies involved with movement and touch
Preoperational 2-7yrs - egocentricism, language development and ability to order based on one characteristic
Concrete operational 7-12 yrs - shows empathy and thinks logically
Formal operational 12+ yrs - abstract logic and deductive reasoning
Give the criticisms of Piaget’s theory
It focuses on what the child cannot do, not what they can do
What is Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development?
Cognition develops based on our social interaction
At what age do we see the first social smile?
6 weeks. The baby will show preference for faces over objects and find things funny
In attachment theory, what happens when the primary carer leaves the room?
Anxiety, bed wetting, aggression and clinging
Give the three stages of separation of a baby from its mother
Protest - clinging behaviours
Despair - intermittent crying
Detachment - apathy on return of the mother
What are the criticisms of attachment theory?
No impetus given to the father
Too simplistic as does not consider other factors
What is classical conditioning?
Making the association between two things that are not associated. Pavlov’ dog
What is operant conditioning?
Using reward and punishment to control behaviours
What is social learning theory?
We act in concordance with our peers or those whom we wish to emulate
Describe the health belief model
The person weighs the barriers and benefits against the severity and susceptibility. Take into consideration any external cues
Explain the cognitive dissonance theory
Used mainly in advertising and health promotion. Creates an uncomfortable situation in someone’s mind to change their behaviour. Shock tactics
What factors affect the theory of planned behaviour?
Attitude toward the behaviour The subjective norm (is it done by their peers) Subjective control (do they really have a choice)
Give the stages of the transtheoretical model of change
Pre-contemplation Contemplation Preparation Action Relapse or maintenance
