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ESA 3 > HPHD > Flashcards

HPHD Flashcards

1
Q

Explain the transactional model of stress

A

Primary appraisal of the stressor - potential severity
Secondary appraisal - do we have the resources to cope?
If no –> stress
Reappraisal - assess our coping techniques and if they work

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2
Q

Give the two types of emotion focused coping and examples of each

A

Behavioural - talking to friends, alcohol

Cognitive - denial, focusing on positives

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3
Q

Give examples of problem focused coping

A

Using a wheelchair
Get physiotherapy
Any other example where resources are used

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4
Q

Give three ways doctors can help to improve patient control and examples of each

A

Mobilising social support - refer to PALS or support groups
Reduce ambiguity - effective communication
Increase personal control - CBT, pain management

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5
Q

Give the three stages of sexual response

A

Desire, arousal and orgasm

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6
Q

Give the four categories of sexual dysfunction and examples

A

Predisposing - sexual trauma, false beliefs, physical vulnerability
Precipitating - partner problems, life events
Self perpetuating - guilt, shame, anger
Partner perpetuating - pressure to perform, criticism, guilt

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7
Q

Define identity, orientation, behaviour and expression

A

Identity - how the person describes themselves
Orientation - the gender that the person is attracted to
Behaviour - the acts the person actually performs (MSM)
Expression - how people show themselves in society

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8
Q

Explain the SPIKES tool in breaking bad news

A

Setting - one on one in a separate room
Patient’s perception - what does the patient already know? ICE
Invitation - how much does the person want to know?
Knowledge - give a warning shot then tell them
Empathy - show it
Summary/ strategy - refer to support groups and summarise

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9
Q

Give the three forms of death

A

Gradual
Premature
Catastrophic

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10
Q

What is the primary aim of palliative care?

A

To allow the person to die as they want

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11
Q

Give two reasons why someone might grieve for longer than two years

A

Discouragement of grief expression

Discouragement of grief ending

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12
Q

What conditions might occur if the person has not accepted the death of a loved one after two years?

A

PTSD
Anxiety
Depression

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13
Q

Give the five stages of grief

A 
Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance
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14
Q

What is adherence?

A

The extent to which the patient acts in line with the plan set out by the patient and doctor

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15
Q

Give some ways that we can measure adherence

A

Pill counting
Blood levels
Urine excretion of product
Observing the person take the pills

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16
Q

Give some reasons that a patient may not adhere to treatment

A

Poor education
Side effects experienced
Psychological health
UNINTENTIONAL

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17
Q

Make the distinction between hazardous and harmful drinkers

A

Hazardous - alcohol consumption is too high but they have not yet experienced symptoms or ill health
Harmful - the drinking has started to take a toll on the persons life

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18
Q

Give the two subsets of alcohol dependence

A

Moderate - withdrawal symptoms

Severe - withdrawal symptoms with relief drinking

19
Q

Give the questions asked as part of the CAGE alcohol tool

A

Have you felt the need to CUT DOWN?
Do you get ANNOYED at yourself for drinking?
Do you feel GUILTY after a night of drinking?
Have you had an EYE OPENER to your heavy drinking?

20
Q

Why has the biopsychosocial model taken over from the biomedical model?

A

The biomedical model doesn’t recognise that some diseases are due to psychological problems or social circumstance

21
Q

What is the flaw with stereotyping?

A

It overlooks diversity within a subgroup of people

22
Q

Describe the cognitive component of stereotyping

A

We file things that are similar under schemata within the brain to streamline processing. These are commonly relied upon at times of pressure and stress

23
Q

Describe the emotional component of stereotyping

A

Prejudice. A few negative traits of some people within a schemata group leads us to hold prejudice against the entire group and see them in a bad light

24
Q

Describe the behavioural component of stereotyping

A

Discrimination. Treating people differently based on the prejudices that we hold

25
Q

Give the two forms of intelligence and state which changes in ageing

A

Crystallised - stable throughout life

Fluid - declines with age

26
Q

Give the five areas of intelligence that decline with age

A 
Verbal meaning 
Verbal fluency
Inductive reasoning
Numeracy
Spatial orientation
27
Q

Give the two ways that ageing can be performed successfully

A

Disengagement - withdraw from society

Activity - take part in youth culture

28
Q

Give some factors that open and close the gate in the gate control theory of pain

A

Open - negativity, injury, stress, underactivity

Close - positivity, medication, relaxation, exercise

29
Q

What is the definition of chronic pain? What can we do about it?

A

Pain lasting more than 12 weeks
Refer to the pain management programme which helps people take control of their pain with exercise, medications, relaxation and autonomy in ADLs

30
Q

Give Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development and the ages at which they occur

A

Sensorimotor 0-2yrs - babies involved with movement and touch
Preoperational 2-7yrs - egocentricism, language development and ability to order based on one characteristic
Concrete operational 7-12 yrs - shows empathy and thinks logically
Formal operational 12+ yrs - abstract logic and deductive reasoning

31
Q

Give the criticisms of Piaget’s theory

A

It focuses on what the child cannot do, not what they can do

32
Q

What is Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development?

A

Cognition develops based on our social interaction

33
Q

At what age do we see the first social smile?

A

6 weeks. The baby will show preference for faces over objects and find things funny

34
Q

In attachment theory, what happens when the primary carer leaves the room?

A

Anxiety, bed wetting, aggression and clinging

35
Q

Give the three stages of separation of a baby from its mother

A

Protest - clinging behaviours
Despair - intermittent crying
Detachment - apathy on return of the mother

36
Q

What are the criticisms of attachment theory?

A

No impetus given to the father

Too simplistic as does not consider other factors

37
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Making the association between two things that are not associated. Pavlov’ dog

38
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Using reward and punishment to control behaviours

39
Q

What is social learning theory?

A

We act in concordance with our peers or those whom we wish to emulate

40
Q

Describe the health belief model

A

The person weighs the barriers and benefits against the severity and susceptibility. Take into consideration any external cues

41
Q

Explain the cognitive dissonance theory

A

Used mainly in advertising and health promotion. Creates an uncomfortable situation in someone’s mind to change their behaviour. Shock tactics

42
Q

What factors affect the theory of planned behaviour?

A 
Attitude toward the behaviour 
The subjective norm (is it done by their peers)
Subjective control (do they really have a choice)
43
Q

Give the stages of the transtheoretical model of change

A 
Pre-contemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Relapse or maintenance

ESA 3 (1 decks)

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