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ESA 3 steven > HPHD > Flashcards

HPHD Flashcards

0
Q

What are the biomedical and biopsychosocial models?

A

Biomedical - biological/physiological processes. Treat with physical intervention
BPS - includes social and psychological aspects

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1
Q

What is health psychology?

A

Contribution of psychology to the maintenance of health and the treatment of illness

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2
Q

What are stereotypes? Why do we have them, when do we rely on them and how can we get rid of them?

A

Generalisations about specific groups. Saves processing power. When were pressured/fatigued. Get to know the group and self reflect

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3
Q

What is the difference between stereotype, prejudice and discrimination? Use an example

A

Stereotypes is cognitive. Prejudice is evaluative. Discrimination is behavioural
Old people - pre judge that they will conform to their stereotype is prejudice. Acting on that is discrimination

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4
Q

Define health related behaviour

A

Anything that may promote good health or lead to illness

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5
Q

What are the 3 learning theories?

A

Classical conditioning - Pavlov
Operant conditioning - Skinner
Social learning theory - Bobo doll

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6
Q

Name the social cognition models

A

Health belief model

Theory of planned behaviour

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7
Q

What are the theoretical stages of change?

A 
Contemplate
Prepare
Action
Maintenance
Relapse
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8
Q

What are the different levels of drinking behaviour?

A

Abstinence, low risk, hazardous, harmful, moderate dependence, severe dependence

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9
Q

What are the 5 principles of motivational interviewing?

A 
Express empathy
Avoid argument
Roll with resistance
Support self efficacy
Develop discrepancy
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10
Q

What are the 8 steps of motivational interviewing?

A

Establish rapport, set agenda, assess readiness to change, sharpen focus, identify ambivalence, elicit self motivating statements, handle resistance and shift focus

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11
Q

Define compliance, adherence and concordance

A

Extent patient COMPLIES with medical advice
Extent patient COINCIDES with medical advice
The nature of interaction between doctor patient - Negotiation between patient and doctor over treatment

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12
Q

Why is concordance advantageous?

A

Leads to better adherence as the patient feels more involved and their beliefs, lifestyle and priorities are accounted for and addressed

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13
Q

What is the approximate rate of non compliance in chronic illnesses?

A

50%

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14
Q

What are some methods of measuring compliance? Give pros and cons

A

Urine/blood test/observation - accurate but expensive and invasive
Pill count - can lose pills
Reports - easy but biased

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15
Q

What factors might cause non compliance? Give an example of each

A 
Illness - no symptoms
Treatment - not easy/side effects
Patient - lack of understanding or has beliefs
Psychosocial - personality
Healthcare - doesn't like the prescriber
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16
Q

Why might unintentional adherence occur? And intentional?

A

Lack of capacity/resources

Belief/attitude/expectation

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17
Q

What is an intervention and is it effective?

A

Address barriers/perceptions

Broadly effective but by small amounts. Isn’t patient centred

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18
Q

What is stress?

A

A short term change to mobilise for activity, mainly triggered by Catecholamines

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19
Q

What are the short term changes in the body due to stress?

A

Increase O2, fuel availability, mental and physical functioning
Conserve energy by reducing digestion/sex drive
Prepare for tissue damage

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20
Q

What is the effect of stress on the immune system in the short and long term?

A

Short term improves immune function

Long term reduces

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21
Q

What are the four negative effects stress has on health?

A

Mental health, immune system, physical (e.g. Cardiovascular) and unhealthy behaviours

22
Q

What are the steps of appraisal?

A

Primary - is there a threat?
Secondary - can I cope with it?
Reappraisal - now I’ve tried it do I feel different

23
Q

What is the function of attachment?

A

Maintain proximity to caregiver

24
Q

What are the benefits of a secure attachment?

A

Social competence, peer relations

25
Q

What are the three stages of child development?

A

Prefer human faces to inanimate
3 months - Distinguish strangers and non strangers and prefer non strangers
8 months - child will miss key people and be wary of strangers

26
Q

What behavioural changes accompany separation?

A

Anxiety, aggression, clingy and bed wetting

27
Q

What are the phases of separation?

A

Protest - distressed
Despair - helpless and withdrawn
Detachment - happier but remote upon carers return

28
Q

How have hospitals improved for children?

A

Allow carer access, attachment objects, reassure, toys and homelike

29
Q

What are the four stages of cognitive development?

A

Sensorimotor 0-2yrs - no abstract concepts, develop body schema and object permanence
Pre-operational 2-7yrs - egocentric, classify by 1 feature
Concrete operational 7-12yrs - logical but concrete, conservation, other perspectives
Formal operational 12+yrs - abstract and hypothetical

30
Q

What should you do when dealing with children?

A

Simple info, no metaphors, act, play, give choices, rewards and compliments

31
Q

What shouldn’t you do when dealing with kids?

A

Stand over, use force, false promises, get frustrated

32
Q

Explain the diversity in likelihood to die

A

Women live longer
Older die more
Poorer die sooner

33
Q

What are the types of death?

A

Gradual
Catastrophic
Premature

34
Q

What is the usual initial reaction to death?

A

Shock, numb, disbelief, confusion

35
Q

Explain the five stages of dying

A 
Denial - not true
Anger - why me
Bargaining - I'll... If I can live to...
Depression - what's the point
Acceptance - it will be ok
36
Q

What are some symptoms of bereavement/grief?

A

Short of breath, tired, crying, depression

Increased susceptibility to illness and mortality

37
Q

What increases the risk of suffering from chronic grief or other complications?

A

Prior bereavement
Type of death - young person
Lack of support
Discourage expression/ending of grief

38
Q

Define sexual dysfunction

A

Disturbance in sexual desire and in the psychophysiological changes that characterise the sexual response cycle

39
Q

What is the sexual response cycle?

A

Desire
Arousal
Orgasm

40
Q

What types of sexual dysfunction are there?

A

Loss of desire
Erectile dysfunction/sexual arousal disorder
Rapid ejaculation, inhibited orgasm/orgasmic dysfunction
Aversion or lack of enjoyment
Dysparenunia
Vaginismus

41
Q

Explain the features of sexual dysfunction

A 
Irrespective of orientations
Can have 1+ problems
Both partners
Lifelong/acquired
General/situational
Physical/psychological
42
Q

What points should be considered when discussing sexual dysfunction?

A 
Empathy and reassure
Embarrassment
Stigma
Confidential
Terminology
43
Q

Outline the structure of a clinical interview for sexual dysfunction

A 
Detailed description of the problem
Relationship with currents previous partners
Medical, mental and family history 
Drug use
Life events
44
Q

Why might sexual dysfunction problems occur?

A

Failure - physical, psychological, life events, false beliefs, communication
Fear of failure - loss of confidence, pressure

45
Q

How is sexual dysfunction treated?

A

Educate, modify beliefs, help communicate, directions, Viagra, desensitise, lube, oestrogen

46
Q

What is the importance of breaking bad news well?

A

Maintain trust, reduce uncertainty, prevent unrealistic expectation, allow appropriate adjustments, promote open communication

47
Q

What could happen if bad news is not broken well?

A

Damage doctor patient relationship
Emotional well being
Adjustment and coping

48
Q

Explain SPIKES

A

Setting and listening - face to face, private, tissues, check who present
Perception - what have you been told about all this?
Invitation - what do they want to know?
Knowledge - warning shot, small chunks, check understand, no jargon
Empathy - how are you feeling, I can see this is upsetting
Strategy and summarise - next step

49
Q

What is a persons sexual orientation, sexual identity and sexual behaviour?

A

Gender attracted to
Labels for them - lesbian, gay, bi
MSM, WSW

50
Q

What is a transgender?

A

Someone who’s gender differs from their birth sex

51
Q

What are the health problems for LGBT?

A

Generally poorer health - mental health, substance abuse, cancer, STIs due to abuse at school/work/family/neighbourhood

52
Q

What should you do for a LGBT patient?

A

Validate patients identity
Confidential
Respect
Knowledgable

ESA 3 steven (5 decks)

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