HPE Flashcards
3 basic categories of skill ?
Cognitive (brain), perceptual (interpret) & motor (physical movement).
Motor skills ?
Gross, fine, open, closed, discrete, serial & continuous.
Difference between fine and gross ?
Fine is small movements that use the small muscles, however is nuggets movements that use larger muscles.
Difference between open and closed ?
Open occurs on environment that is highly unpredictable, however closed occurs in a highly predictable environment.
motor program ?
A series of subroutines organised into the correct sequence and timing to perform a movement.
example of motor program ?
the subroutine of an overheard serve
two major approaches to motor learning ?
cognitive systems approach & dynamic systems approach.
steps to information processing ?
Input > processing > output.
cognitive systems approach ?
Where improvement occurs as the result of feedback following the process of input, information processing and output.
phases of motor learning (Fitts and Posner model) ?
Cognitive, associative and autonomous.
Fitts and Posner 67 ?
A gradual process, whereby the learner moves through in a linear process.
dynamic systems approach ?
where motor learning is not considered linear in nature; detached, learning is non-linear as an individuals performance progresses and regresses.
Newell 1991 ?
stage 1 - assembling a coordination patter, stage 2 - gaining control of a coordination structure, stage 3 - skilled optimisation of control.
factors that affect motor learning ?
perceptual, technical, tactical, physiological, physical and physiological factors.
constraints ?
enables the emergence of movement behaviours or affordances.
movement patterns that exist due to three factors (Newell) ?
Individual, environment and task.
individual constraints?
structural and functional.
task constraints ?
Rules, implements and goals.
environmental constraints ?
physical environment, light, temperature, gravity etc.
importance of newell’s model ?
It reflects the dynamic, constantly changing intersections in motor development. It looks at the individual in different ways.
types of practices ?
massed, distributed, whole and part practice.
difference between massed and distributed practice ?
Massed is where the skill is practiced constantly and continuously, which is suitable for highly skilled and motivated athletes. However, distributed practice consists of short and frequent practice sessions.
difference between whole and part practice ?
Whole is practicing the skill as a whole, whereas part is breaking the skill into small parts to practice.
factors that affect motor learning progress ?
Injury, age, height, accessibility to coaching and equipment, skill level, exposure to a sport at a young age, gender, influence, reaction time etc.
rate limit ?
Technician, physical, perceptual, tactical, psychological, physiological.
types of feedback ?
Intrinsic, extrinsic, concurrent and terminal feedback.
Difference between intrinsic and extrinsic feedback ?
Intrinsic feedback is feedback that comes from within, such as self-assessing and self-correcting. However, extrinsic is feedback from others such as a coach, which comes in the form of visual or verbal guidance.
difference between concurrent and terminal feedback ?
Concurrent can be intrinsic or extrinsic, it is information a performer receives about their performance during the activity. However terminal feedback is information a performer receives about their performance after the activity has been completed.
two main forms of feedback ?
Knowledge of performance and knowledge of results.
knowledge of performance ?
Subjective feedback a performer receives regarding the quality of their movement or technique.
knowledge of results ?
Objective feedback which provides the performer with information regarding the success of their performance in achieving a desired outcome.
three main functions of feedback ?
to motivate performer, change performance and reinforce learning.
