HPA Flashcards
huntington chorea
sudden jerky movements
ecchymosis
discoloration of the skin due from bleeding underneath. (bruising)
carotenemia
presence of the orange pigment carotene in the blood from excessive intake of carrots or other vegetables.
erythema
superficial reddening of the skin, usually in patches.
cyanosis
bluish discoloration of the skin resulting from poor circulation or inadequate oxygenation of the blood.
pallor
unhealthy pale appearance
juandice
yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes. arising from the excess of the pigment bilirubin.
vitiligo
pigment is lost from areas of skin, causing whitish patches
hemangioma
a benign tumor of blood vessel, often forming a red birthmark
cellulitis
inflammation of subcutaneous connective tissue
neurofibroma
a tumor formed on a nerve cell sheath, frequently symptomless but occasionally malignant
xerosis
abnormally dry skin
diaphoresis
sweating,
polyuria
production of abnormally large volumes of dilute urine
alopecia
partial or complete absence or hair
hirsutism
abnormal growth of hair on a persons face and body
koilonychia
spoon nails, nail disease that can be a sign of hypochromic anemia,
hydrocephalus
a condition in which fluid accumulates in the brain, enlarging the head
torticollis
condition in which the head becomes persistently turned to one side
goitre
swelling of the neck resulting from the enlargement of the thyroid gland.
ptosis
drooping of the upper eyelid due to paralysis or disease
otitis externa
inflammation of the ear, passage of the outer ear
otitis media
inflammation of the ear, of the inner ear
tinnitus
ringing or buzzing in the ears
dysphagia
difficulty or discomfort in swallowing
stomatitis
inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth
cheilitis
inflammation of the lips
epistaxis
bleeding from the nose
polyp
a small growth, typically benign and with a stalk, protruding from a mucous membrane.
dysuria
difficult or painful urination
Three types of abdominal shapes
flat, scaphoid (skinny), distended (protruding)
Rectus abdominis
Normal abdominal muscles
Diastasis recti
abdominal muscles separated down the middle.
Reasons for Abdominal Distention
- Fluid
- Fibroid
- Fetus
- Fat
- feces
- fatal growth
Normal Findings for Bowel Sounds
5-30 times per minute
high pitched sounds
hear in all quadrants.
Abnormal findings for Bowel Sounds
Absent/hypoactive - decreased motility and possible obstruction
Hyperactive- increased motility and possible diarrhea/etc
Venous Hum-medium pitched sound when listening to aorta
Indicates obstructed portal circulation
Friction Rub’s
High pitched process that cause the visceral layers of the peritoneum to rub together.
Liver span >12 cm can indicate
- hepatomegaly
- cirrhosis
- tumor/cyst
Liver span
-pregnancy
Liver percussion tenderness may indicate
cholecystitis (inflammation of gallbladder) or hepatitis(inflammation of liver)
Kidney percussion tenderness may indicate
pyelonephritis(kidney infection)
Splenic percussion
Dullness > 8 cm line or from 6th to 10th rib.
Should not be palpable - indicates splenic enlargement
Murphy’s sign
Push on liver during exhale, indicated problem with gall bladder
Rovsing’s sign
Pushing down on LLQ and feeling pain in the RLQ. Indicates appendicitis.
Ilopsoas muscle test
Has patient flex hips/ bring legs up against resistance. If pain, indicates appendicitis.
GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Causes: Esophageal sphincter dysfunction. Delayed esophageal/gastric emptying. Hiteal Hernia.
Manifestations:
Heartburn, Wheeze, Nausea, Vomiting
Complications: inflammation and ulcer in esophagus.
Kidney Stones
development of crystallized molecules in the kidney
Calcium, uric acid
Risks factors: fluid loss, gout, sedentary lifestyle, family history
Manifestations: Pain, Nausea, Obstruction of urinary flow, urinary infection.
ISBAR
Identify Situation Background Assessment Recommendation
Types of elder abuse
Physical Sexual Emotional Psychological Abandonment Neglect Financial
Risk Factors of Elderly Abuse
Older Females Limited Resources Residing with family Disruptive Behavior Social isolation Financial dependence
Signs of elder abuse
Reluctance to leave older person alone Patient defers excessively to caregiver Delay in seeking treatment Inconsistency with reported mechanism of injury Lack of hygiene
Activities of Daily Living
- Eating/feeding
- Bathing
- Grooming
- Dressing
- Toilet
- Walking
- Using stairs
- transferring
Advanced Activities of Daily Living
- self care
- mobility
- work
- recreational activities
- Socialization
Joint
site where two bones meet
allows stability and mobility of skeleton.
Two classes: non synovial - skull and vertebrae
Synovial - free movement
Synovial Joints
- Gliding Joint
- Hinge Joint
- Pivot Joint
- Ellipsoid Joint (up and down movement)
- Saddle joint (think of person riding saddle)
- Ball and socket joint
Non-synovial Joint
Lack of joint space, limited movement or non, connected by fibrous or connective tissue. ,
AKA fixed joint.
Subtypes: fibrous, cartilaginous
Bursa
enclosed sac filled with viscous synovial fluid. Located in areas of increased friction.
Bursitis
inflammation of the bursa.
tendons
attach muscle to bone
ligaments
attach bone to bone at the joint level. Prevents wrong movements of joint.
Cartilage
avascular connective tissue in between joints. It receives nourishment from the synovial fluid. Cartilage cushions the bones and facilitates movement.
Menisci
wedge shaped car
flexion
bending limb at joint
extension
straightening limb at joint
abduction
moving away from midline
adduction
moving towards the midline
Pronation
turning forward so palm is down
Supination
palm up
Circumduction
circle around shoulder
Inversion
sole foot towards ankle
Eversion
sole outwards at ankle
Rotation
around axis
protraction
forward and parallel to ground
Retraction
backwards and parallel to ground
Elevation
raising
Depression
lowering
ROM of head (cervical spine)
flexion (45), extension (45), rotation(70), lateral bending(40)
ROM of shoulders
flexion (180), hyperextsion (50), abduction(180), adduction (45), internal and external rotation(90*)
ROM of elbows
flexion(160), extension(0), supination(90), pronation(90)
ROM of wrist and hands
hyperextension and flexion of the wrists and fingers, Radial(20) and ulnar(55) deviation of the wrist.
ROM of Hip
Flexion(90* w/knee 120), extension (0), hyperextension, abduction(45), adduction(30), internal(40) and external(45) rotation.
ROM of knees
Extension(0), hyperextension(15), flexion(130*)
ROM Ankles and feet
dorsiflexion(20), plantar flexion(45), eversion(20)/inversion(30)
ROM of spine (lumbar)
flexion(90), hyperextension(30), rotation(30), lateral bending(35)
3 types of muscle
- cardiac)- involuntary
- smooth)
-skeletal - largest type of muscle , voluntary.
sprain
tearing of ligaments
strain
stretch of muscle or tendon
Common MKS complaints
Pain, weakness, limited movement, stiffness, deformity
gait and mobility
- walking is smooth, rhythmic
- foot is lifted 2.5-5 cm off the floor
- Propelled 30-45 cm forward in straight path
- Heel strike floor-body weight is shifted onto the ball of the foot
- Patient remain erect, balanced during all stage of gait
- Arms swings freely at the side of the torso, but in opposite direction to mov. of the legs.
Inspection of the joint
inspect 5 - 7.5 cm of skin and subcutaneous tissue surrounding the joint:
- erythema
- swelling
- bruising
- nodules
- deformities
- masses
- skin breakdown
palpation of the joints
-contour bilateral (smooth and flat)
-Swelling
-pain
-tenderness
articulates well, as it moves
-crepitus
osteoarthritis
bones rubbing against each other. Commonly affects middle-aged and older people.. Affects hands and weight bearing joints.
rheumatoid arthritis
swollen inflamed synovial joint, causes bone erosion.
Scoliosis
condition where there is abnormal curvature of the spine, not a disease or a diagnosis
Lordosis
excessive inward curvature of the spine
kyphosis
excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing hunching of the back
Meningitis
inflammation of the meninges caused by viral or bacterial infection
brudinskis sign
flex patients neck to chest: positive if pt responds with flexion of one or both legs up to pelvis, arms may also flex.
aphasia
loss of ability to understand or express speech, caused by brain damage.
dysarthria
difficult or unclear articulation of speech that is otherwise linguistically normal.
global aphasia
combination of impaired expression and comprehension, nonfluent speech.
