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Higher Physics > HP Definitions > Flashcards

HP Definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

Refraction

A

The change in speed (with an associated change in wavelength) when a wave travels from one medium to another- if angle of incidence is greater than 0 there will be an associated change in direction

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2
Q

Refractive index

A

Measure of how much refraction occurs in a specific material

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3
Q

Critical angle

A

Angle of incidence of which the angle of refraction is equal to a right angle

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4
Q

EMF

A

Amount of energy given to each coulomb of charge as it passes through the supply

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5
Q

TPD

A

Voltage measured across the external load (and supply) when there is current in the circuit

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6
Q

Lost volts

A

Energy “lost” per coulomb of charge as it passes through the supply

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7
Q

A.C

A

Electrons changing direction many times per second

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8
Q

D.C

A

Electrons always move in the same direction

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9
Q

The R.M.S voltage of an A.C supply

A

is one which produces the same heating effect in a resistor as the equivalent D.C voltage

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10
Q

Resistance

A

Property of a material to oppose the flow

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11
Q

Internal resistance

A

Effective resistance that supply exhibits

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12
Q

Short circuit

A

When all external components are bypassed and a power supply is directly connected to itself. Effectively no resistance and current will become very high which can lead to battery heating up which is dangerous

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13
Q

Open circuit

A

No complete connection between positive and negative terminals of the power supply i.e switch opened
One condition which t.p.d = EMF

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14
Q

Conductor

A

Many free electrons

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15
Q

Insulator

A

Very few free electrons

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16
Q

Semiconductor

A

Very few electrons when pure but can conduct when impurities are present

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17
Q

Biasing a semiconductor

A

Applying a voltage to it

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18
Q

Diode

A

Component which only allows a current in one direction

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19
Q

LED

A

Light emitting diode
Pn junction is forward biased so electrons and holes move across junction and sometimes recombine at junction which releases energy in visible light
Colour depends on band gap of materials
Big band gap higher frequency

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20
Q

Projectile

A

Any moving object in free fall in a gravitational field

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21
Q

Oblique projectile

A

One where the launch angle is greater than 0 relative to the horizontal

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22
Q

3 conditions of projectile motion

A
  • constant horizontal velocity
  • constant vertical acceleration
  • time of flight is the same for horizontal + vertical motion
  • horizontal velocity is constant in magnitude and direction
  • vertical velocity changes in magnitude and direction
23
Q

Measuring acceleration

A
  • release trolley
  • use LG1 and card length to calculate initial velocity
  • use LG2 to calculate final velocity
  • record time between LG1 and LG2
  • calculate acceleration using a=(v-u)/t
24
Q

Photovoltaic effect

A

The production of electricity from light
Light energy shines on junction and photons absorbed and excite electrons from p-type valence band to jump to conduction band . These electrons then move to n-type and a charge can flow in an external circuit

25
Q

Newtons first law

A

An object will remain at rest or travel in a straight line at constant velocity unless acted upon by an unbalance force

25
Q

Newtons second law

A

Fun = ma

25
Q

Terminal velocity

A

State of motion when an object is falling and no longer accelerates

26
Q

Friction

A

Forces which acts against the motion of an object

27
Q

Law of conservation of momentum

A

Total momentum before a collision is equal to total momentum after the collision IN THE ABSENCE OF EXTERNAL FORCES

28
Q

Inelastic collision

A

One where kinetic energy after collision is not equal to the kinetic energy after
Objects stick together

29
Q

Elastic collision

A

Kinetic energy is conserved and don’t stick together

30
Q

Newtons third law

A

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

31
Q

Doppler effect

A

Apparent change in the frequency of a wave caused by relative motion between source of wave and observer

32
Q

Coherent waves

A

Same speed, frequency and wavelength + constant phase relationship

33
Q

Interference

A

Property which defines wave motion

34
Q

Path length

A

Shortest difference between source and maximum/minimum

35
Q

Path difference

A

Mathematical difference between path lengths going to the same maximum/minimum

36
Q

Irradiance

A

The power per unit area
(incident on a surface)

Intensity of a light source
Energy per second per unit area

37
Q

Photoelectric effect

A

Removal of electrons from charged surfaces by photons of electromagnetic radiation

38
Q

Work function

A

Minimum energy required to remove an electron from a particular metal with no kinetic energy

39
Q

Threshold frequency

A

Minimum frequency of a photon required to remove an electron from a particular metal with no kinetic energy

40
Q

Fermions

A

Particles which make up matter

41
Q

Boson

A

Particles which give rise to forces

42
Q

Proton

A

2 up quarks + 1 down quark

43
Q

Neutron

A

1 up quark + 2 down quarks

44
Q

Anti matter

A
  • same mass
  • opposite charge
  • line across top of symbol
45
Q

Evidence of neutrino

A

Beta decay
During beta decay the predicted energy didn’t add up and so electron must be sharing kinetic energy

46
Q

Beta decay

A

Radioactive process which nucleus emits electron and neutron converted to proton

47
Q

Nuclear fission

A

Large nucleus splits into smaller nuclei and releases energy and neutrons

48
Q

Nuclear fusion

A

2 smaller nuclei combine to form a large nucleus which releases energy and neutrons

49
Q

Energy level

A

Any of the energy states that the electron can occupy and still be associated with that atom. The electron can change energy level but cannot exist in an intermediate state between them.

50
Q

Ground state

A

The lowest possible energy level that the electron can occupy. An entirely unexcited electron will occupy the ground state

51
Q

Ionisation

A

An electron which is given enough energy that it can escape the atom will cause the atom to be ionised, without the electron it is no longer neutral and has become an ion. This process is known as ionisation.

Higher Physics (3 decks)

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