HP Flashcards
It is defined as the exchange of gases between the organism and its
environment.
RESPIRATION
○ The circulatory system is concerned with
the transportation of blood throughout the
body.
○ Blood carries food, oxygen, and water to
the tissues and waste materials from the
tissues
CIRCULATION
The red blood cells (RBC) carry ____ of all
oxygen in the body.
95%
It is described as a state of oxygen deficiency in the blood, tissues, and cells
sufficient to cause an impairment of body functions.
HYPOXIA
caused by a lack of oxygen in the surrounding area. This can
occur very suddenly at very high altitudes.
● This is any condition that interrupts the flow of oxygen into the lungs. This is the type of hypoxia encountered at altitude
HYPOXIC HYPOXIA
caused by blood deficiency,
● When this happens, oxygen cannot attach itself to the hemoglobin and the blood will not be able to
carry a sufficient amount of oxygen to the cells in
your body.
HYPEMIC
a is an oxygen deficiency due to poor circulation of the blood.
STAGNANT
This type of hypoxia is because of the cells’ inability to effectively use oxygen.
HISTOTOXIC
described as the period of time from interruption of the oxygen supply or exposure to an oxygen-poor environment to the
time when an individual is no longer capable of taking proper corrective and
protective action.
TIME OF USEFUL
CONSCIOUSNESS
the state of breathing faster and/or deeper than necessary, bringing light headedness and other undesirable symptoms often associated with
panic attacks.
HYPERVENTILATION
As the blood is slowly restricted to the brain, the eyes will also be affected.
BLURRY VISION
The ________ experienced is due to the alkaline-high blood reacting with the sensitive nerves
of the extremities.
TINGLING
As the alkaline-high blood enters the muscle, the muscle will react by twitching. Muscles of
the face and the forearms seem to be the most prone.
TWITCHING MUSCLES
As the alkaline increases in the blood and the blood penetrates deep within the muscle, the muscle will progress from the twitch to an eventual muscle spasm.
TETANY
chemically abbreviated as “CO”, is one of the most common and toxic substances in the aviation environment.
CARBON MONOXIDE
It is a hidden menace because by itself, it is both a colorless and odorless gas. An individual would not be aware of its presence until symptoms are developed
CARBON MONOXIDE
installed in aircrafts to help in
combating the effects of carbon
monoxide poisoning, AKA the “Silent
Killer”.
CARBON MONOXIDE DETECTORS
It is the result of light striking the
retina, after it enters the cornea and
passes through the lens.
VISION
the center most part of the macula.
FOVEA
Rods are not always instantly ready for use. The rods contain a substance called
rhodopsin, or visual purple.
○ This is the loss of proper bearings; state of mental confusion as to position,
location, or movement relative to the position of the earth.
○ An incorrect mental image of your position, attitude or movement in relation to what is actually happening to your aircraft.
○ Can be caused by misleading information being sent to the brain by your body’s various sensory organs.
SPATIAL DISORIENTATION
It acts as the receptor organ for visual sensations
THE EYE
It acts as the receptor organ for visual sensations
THE EYE
The tension of the various muscles in your body assist you in determining your
position within a frame of reference, as well as any motion with respect to this
reference.
○ This is also known as “flying by the seat of your pants”.
SKELETAL MUSCLES
○ One end of each semicircular canal in the
ear is enlarged, and in this area is a mound
of sensory hair cells.
○ Angular acceleration, or rotation, of the
body along either the yaw, pitch, or roll axis
will move the fluid in a respective canal.
○ This movement displaces the sensory hairs
and an impulse is sent to the brain to be
interpreted as motion about a known axis.
VESTIBULAR APPARATUS
During a constant rate turn, if you tilt your
head down to get a pen, the rapid head
movement puts the fluid in motion in more
than one semicircular canal.
CORIOLIS ILLUSION
● Once the turn to the right is detected, and
the turn is stopped, the fluid in the canal will
continue to move.
● This would cause an opposite sensation as
though one was now turning to the left.
GRAVEYARD SPIN AND SPIRAL
Occurs when an abrupt recovery or a
rapid correction is made to a bank,
sensing a roll in the opposite direction.
LEANS ILLUSION
During a constant rate turn, if you tilt your
head down to get a pen, the rapid head
movement puts the fluid in motion in more
than one semicircular canal.
CORIOLIS ILLUSION
○ One end of each semicircular canal in the
ear is enlarged, and in this area is a mound
of sensory hair cells.
○ Angular acceleration, or rotation, of the
body along either the yaw, pitch, or roll axis
will move the fluid in a respective canal.
○ This movement displaces the sensory hairs
and an impulse is sent to the brain to be
interpreted as motion about a known axis.
VESTIBULAR APPARATUS
Occurs when an abrupt recovery or a
rapid correction is made to a bank,
sensing a roll in the opposite direction.
“rapid correction”
LEANS ILLUSION
A rapid acceleration can produce the
illusion that you are in a nose-high
attitude even though you are still in
straight and level flight
“rapid acceleration”
SOMATOGRAVIC ILLUSION
4 types of Visual illusions
○ Autokinesis
○ False Horizons
○ Vection Illusion
○ Black-Hole Approach Illusion
An abrupt change from climb to straight
and level flight can create a feeling that
you are tumbling backward.
INVERSION ILLUSION
At night, a static light may appear to move if it is allowed to become the prime focus fof attention
AUTOKINESIS
these illusions are caused by flying over a banked cloud, night flying over a
featureless terrain with ground lights that are indistinguishable from a dark sky with
stars, or night flying over a featureless terrain with a clearly defined pattern of
ground lights and a dark, starless sky.
FALSE HORIZONS
________ __________ is a common example is when you are stopped at a traffic light in your
car and the car next to you edges forward. Your brain interprets this peripheral
visual information as though you are moving backwards and makes you apply
additional pressure to the brakes.
VECTION ILLUSION
This can happen during a final approach at night (no stars or moonlight) over water
or un-lighted terrain to a lighted runway beyond which the horizon is not visible.
● When peripheral visual cues are not available to help you orient yourself relative to
the earth, you may have the illusion of being upright and may perceive the runway
to be tilted left and upsloping
BLACK-HOLE ILLUSION
○ A final approach over a flat terrain with an upsloping runway may produce the visual
illusion of a high-altitude final approach.
○ If you believe this illusion, you may respond by pitching the aircraft nose down to
decrease the altitude, which, if performed too close to the ground, may result in an
accident.
Upsloping Runway
○ A final approach over a flat terrain with a downsloping runway may produce the visual
illusion of a low-altitude final approach.
○ If you believe this illusion, you may respond by pitching the aircraft nose up to
increase the altitude, which may result in a low-altitude stall or a missed approach.
Downsloping Runway
It is a systematic approach to the mental process used by airplane pilots to consistently
determine the best course of action in response to a given set of circumstances.
AERONAUTICAL DECISION
MAKING (ADM)
are traps that pilots
fall into, avoidance of which is actually
simple in nature.
● These are classic behavioral traps into
which pilots have been known to fall.
OPERATIONAL PITFALLS
