How Was Apartheid Codified And Implemented 1948-59?

Question 1

Strengthening the National Party

Answer 1

Simple majority in parliament could enact a new legislation
1951 Separate Representation of Voters Act removed remaining coloured vote
Winning wider support among whites

Question 2

Hendrik Verwoerd

Answer 2

PM 1958-66
Coordinated apartheid project
African people still saw themselves as tribal people

Question 3

Race laws

Answer 3

Afrikaner nationalists deeply concerned about sex between white and black people
Grew from religious belief or a racial feeling
Mixed Marriages Act (1949) and Immorality Act (1950) prohibited both marriage and sex by whites across defined racial boundaries
Population Registration Act (1950)

Question 4

Group Areas Act

Answer 4

From 1950
Damaging effect on black communities
Provided powers to eradicate African ‘locations’ or townships so that central parts of the cities and closer suburbs would be very largely in white hands

Question 5

What was Sophiatown like?

Answer 5

Johannesburg
First to fall victim to apartheid planners
Able to hold private land
Not subject to same restrictions as municipal townships
Relatively close to cities centre, mix of wealthy and poor
Attracted writers and journalists from Drum magazine
Reputation of a racy lifestyle made it an easy target

Question 6

What was Durban like?

Answer 6

SAs third largest city
1/3 Indian, African and white
Indians let out land to African tenants
Africans attacked Indians who felt they were exploiting them as landlords

Question 7

District six

Answer 7

Multi racial, largely coloured, residential and business area near the heart of Cape Town city centre
Group Areas enforced a little later, 1966
60,000 forcibly removed and resettled

Question 8

Restrictions before 1948

Answer 8

Laws removing blacks from the franchise and limiting where they could buy land

Question 9

Pass laws

Answer 9

Before 1948, all African men had to carry a pass if they were travelling outside reserves
Natives Abolition of Passes Act (1952) now required a reference book for each african adult-est identity and right to be in area

Question 10

1952 Urban Areas Act

Answer 10

Gave urban rights to a minority of African people

Been born, worked in for 10years or lived for 15 in a town

Question 11

Convictions under pass laws

Answer 11

In ten years, 3million turned into criminals for pass law. Incidents

Question 12

Effectiveness of pass laws

Answer 12

Pass laws failed to keep Africans out of the cities
African urban population rose
People prepared to brave the pass laws in order to find work and other opportunities

Question 13

Education prior to 1948

Answer 13

Education for the most part racially segregated
Most schools funded by govt and managed by local churches, gave only basic primary education
24% black South Africans recorded as literate in 1951 census

Question 14

Bantu Education Act

Answer 14

1953
Extend education to African children 
Segregate content of education
Did increase educational opportunities 
Some degree of literacy, numeracy and linguistic ability in order to provide workforce 
Should prepare for only limited roles

Question 15

The Tomlinson Commission

Answer 15

Bantustans could be transformed by massive state investments of over £100 million

Question 16

Beliefs of the Tomlinson commission

Answer 16

Creating a class of full time farmers by increasing the size of plot and turning communal into private tenure
Major funding for rural industries
Private enterprise should be encouraged to invest in these areas

Question 17

Response to Tomlinson Commission

Answer 17

Verwoerd rejected
Did not believe that white SAs would support expenditure of this scale
Millions of Africans would potentially lose land and have little option but to migrate to cities to find work

Question 18

Reasoning for ‘betterment’ and ‘rehabilitation’

Answer 18

Prioritised a policy
International concern about soil erosion
Deeply perturbed by environmental degradation and soil erosion in reserves
Thought it was undermining peasant agriculture
Would enable Africans to intensify farming without destroying land

Question 19

Practice of betterment

Answer 19

Believed livestock was main issue
Divide pastures with barbed wire
Animals moved from paddock to paddock throughout the year to avoid over grazing
Govt officials moved rural families from scattered settlements into compact villages
Over a million forced to move and people forced to sell livestock
Moving into villages and culling of animals resented and policy abandoned in 60s

Question 20

Inadequacies of Bantustans

Answer 20

Nation Party not prepared to divide SA equally
Africans to be subdivided into historical chieftaincies and language group yet no division of whites
Africans didn’t always consider themselves part of the subdivisions

Question 21

What was the Congress Alliance?

Answer 21

Broad alliance of anti-apartheid organisations including the ANC, Indian Congress, trade unionists and others

Question 22

Treason Trial

Answer 22

1956, 156 members of Congress Alliance arrested in dawn raids
Accused of high treason and subjected to trial that would last 5years

Question 23

Bantu Authorities Act

Bantu Self Government Act

Answer 23

1951

1959