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Radiology > How to take Radiographs > Flashcards

How to take Radiographs Flashcards

1
Q

Define Radiograph, Radiology and Radiography

A
  1. Radiograph - A record of an image produced by transmission of –x-rays through an object
  2. Radiology - This the interpretation of a
    radiographic image
  3. Radiography - These are techniques involved
    in producing various radiographic images
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2
Q

How can dental radiography be justified

A

For an exposure to be justified, the benefit to the patient from the diagnostic information obtained should outweigh the detrimental effects of the exposure

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3
Q

What is diagnostic information dependent upon

A
  • Patient preparation
  • Patient positioning
  • Radiation exposure
  • Image processing
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4
Q

What is needed to take a radiographic image

A
  • Patient
  • X-ray machine
  • Image Receptors
  • Film Holder
  • Operator
  • Processing facility
  • Reading facility
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5
Q

Name examples of single plane intra oral radiographs

A

Peri-Apical
Bitewing
Occlusal

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6
Q

Name examples of single plane extra oral radiographs

A

Panoramic tomogram
Lateral ceph
Lateral oblique

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7
Q

Name a type of multiplanar radiograph

A

Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT)

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8
Q

Describe the ideal conditions when taking an intra oral radiography

A
  • Tooth and sensor should be as close together as possible
  • The long axis of the tooth and sensor/film should be parallel to one another
  • The x-ray beam should be positioned so it meets the tooth and sensor/film at 90⁰
  • The position should be reproducible
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9
Q

What problems can be encountered when taking radiographs

A
  • Teeth lie within bone- impossible to accurately determine root direction
  • Multi-rooted teeth
  • Anatomical structures (palate/floor of mouth) prevent direct contact without bending the image receptor

And so its not always possible to achieve the ideal response

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10
Q

Describe periapical radiography

A

Intra-oral radiograph shows the entire tooth and surrounding structures. Ideally needs to demonstrate 2-3 mm of bone all around the apex of the tooth.

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11
Q

What are the 2 techniques for periapical radiography

A
  • Paralleling technique

- Bisecting angle technique

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12
Q

Why is the paralleling technique preferred to the bisecting angle technique

A
  • Accurate
  • Reproducible
  • Minimal distortion
  • Reduction of radiation dose - - Positioning aids
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13
Q

How is the paralleling technique carried out

A
  • Sensor/film is placed into a beam aiming device
  • This is positioned in the mouth so sensor/film is parallel to the long axis of tooth
  • X-ray tube is angled perpendicular to the sensor
  • Provides a reproducible image
    (picture on lecture is litty)
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14
Q

Why is the bisecting angle not preferred and why is it still used

A
  • Some distortion of image, no positioning aids, operator dependent thus not easily reproducible
  • May be the only way to visualise apical pathology in
    some cases
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15
Q

How is the bisecting angle technique done

A
  • Place the sensor/film as close to the tooth as possible without bending it
  • The angle formed between the long axis of the tooth and the long axis of the sensor/film
    is estimated and mentally bisected
  • X ray tube head is positioned at 90⁰ to the bisecting line with the central beam aimed at the apex of the tooth
  • Very operator dependent – no holder and no beam aiming device
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16
Q

When would you need to use periapical radiography (loads)

A
  • Detection of apical infection/inflammation
  • Assessment of the periodontal status
  • After trauma to the teeth and associated alveolar bone
  • Assessment of the presence and position of unerupted teeth
  • Assessment of root morphology before extractions
  • During endodontics
  • Preoperative assessment and postoperative appraisal of apical surgery
  • Detailed evaluation of apical cysts and other lesions within the alveolar bone
  • Evaluation of implants postoperatively.
17
Q

What are the 2 types of occlusal radiography and give quick description

A

Maxillary and Mandibular

These are radiographs where the image receptor is
placed in the occlusal plane

18
Q

What are the 2 types of maxillary occlusal radiograph

A

Upper Standard Occlusal

Upper Oblique Occlusal

19
Q

How do you have to position the x ray tube for maxillary occlusal radiographs

A

place it at 60-70 degrees from the sensor ting and on the ridge of the nose

20
Q

What indications (reasons) are there to use maxillary occlusal radiogrpah

A
  • Periapical assessment of teeth (if cannot tolerate IOPA)
  • Detecting presence of pathology (#, cysts)
  • Parallax for unerupted teeth
  • Fractures of teeth/alveolar bone
  • Assessment of antrum/roots displaced
21
Q

Why is it important to give a patient a thyroid collar

A

to protect the thyroid as it is very radiosensitive

22
Q

AY BAWS CAN I HABE DE NOTE PLZ

A

Make sure you learn what all these types of radiograph look like

23
Q

What are the 3 types of mandibular occlusal radiographs

A
  • Lower 90 occlusal (true occlusal)
  • Lower 45 occlusal
  • Lower oblique occlusal
24
Q

What are the indications/reasons to take a mandibular occlusal radiograph

A
  • Presence of radiopaque calculi in submandibular salivary ducts
  • Buccolingual position on teeth/pathology
  • Expansion caused by tumours/cysts
  • Assess mandible width prior to implant placement
25
Q

Why is an extra-oral panoramic radiography a very popular technique in dentistry

A
  1. All the teeth and supporting structures can be shown in one image.
  2. Its very simple to carry out.
  3. Patients are able to tolerate this more than a periapical.
26
Q

What are the indications/reasons to take an extra oral panoramic radiograph

A
  • 3rd molar assessment prior to extraction
  • Orthodontics
  • Mandibular fractures
  • TMJ problems (changes in occlusion/trauma/change in range of motion)
  • Multiple extractions
  • Bony lesions/unerupted tooth which cannot
    be fully visualised on intraoral images
  • In the case of a grossly neglected mouth.
27
Q

What are the disadvantages of taking a panoramic radiograph

A
  • Image Quality
  • Operator dependant/ patient dependent
  • Ghost images and superimposition
  • Dose
  • Magnification
28
Q

How does the tube head and sensor move relative to the patient in a panoramic tomography

A

the patient stands still and the tube head and sensor move around the patients head

29
Q

Describe the image produced in a panoramic tomography

A

This movement of the tube head and sensor creates blurring of all structures that do not lie within the “focal trough” or “focal plane”

30
Q

What is a “focal trough” and what shape is it in a panoramic machine and why

A
  • A three-dimensional area within which structures are reasonably well defined on the final image.
  • In the panoramic machine, the focal trough is designed to be horseshoe shaped to correspond to the shape of the dental arches.
31
Q

How should you position the head for a panoramic tomography

A
  • Mid saggital plane should be vertical
  • Frankfort plane (infraorbital rim to top of ear canal) horizontal and parallel to the ground
  • Front incisors biting in the groove of bite block
  • Machine is adjusted to the size of patient – using callipers or “canine light”
32
Q

What aids does the panoramic machines have to aid positioning the patient

A
  • Machine consists of patient-positional aids i.e. chin rest, forehead rest, lateral head supports, bite block.
  • Laser lights to help align patient correctly
33
Q

When are cephalometric radiographs normally used

A

Normally used for orthodontic treatment planning

34
Q

What does a cephalometric radiograph show

A

This type of image shows the relationship between your teeth, jaw and profile (facial skeleton), which makes it especially helpful for orthodontic planning and realignment treatment

35
Q

What machine is used to do cephalometric radiography

A

A Cephalostat

36
Q

What are the indications/reasons to do cephalometric radiography

A
  • Skeletal/soft tissue abnormalities
  • Treatment planning
  • Monitoring progress
  • Assess results of treatment
37
Q

Describe the technique to take a cephalometric radiography

A
  • Patient positioned in cephalostat with mid sagittal plane vertical and Frankfort plane horizontal
  • Teeth should be in occlusion
  • Head immobilised with ear rods in EAM
  • Ruler dropped to nasal bridge

Radiology (6 decks)

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