How to do proper research.

Question 1

Volunteer bias

Answer 1

A volunteer has certain characteristics that distinguish him/ her from a nonvolunteers –> it is not a totally random sample anymore

Question 2

What are the levels of confidence a volunteer can have?

Answer 2

maximum confidence: being interested and having the feeling of being well suited

considerable confidence: being interested but feeling rather the duty to help

minimal confidence: feeling the duty to participate- will effect the study

Question 3

Why may volunteerism effect the internal validity?

Answer 3

• because the volunteers have normally a predisposition and are willing to comply with demand characteristics.
  mediator variable

Question 4

What does the book recommend to do when choosing participants ? state shortly the 10 points

Answer 4

1. Make the appeal for participants as interesting as possible, keeping in mind the nature of the target population.
2. Make the appeal as nonthreatening as possible so that potential volunteers will not be “put off” by unwarranted fears of unfavourable evaluation
3. Explicitly state the theoretical and practical importance of the research for which volunteering is requested.
4. Explicitly state in what way the target population is particularly relevant to the research being conducted and the responsibility of the potential volunteers to participate in research that has the potential for benefi ting others.
5. When possible, potential volunteers should be offered not only pay for participation but also small courtesy gifts simply for taking the time to consider whether they will want to participate.
6. Have the request for volunteering made by a person of status as high as possible and preferably by a woman.
7. When possible, avoid research tasks that may be psychologically or biologically stressful.
8. When possible, communicate the normative nature of the volunteering response.
9. After a target population has been defi ned, make an effort to have someone known to that population make an appeal for volunteers. The request for volunteers itself may be more successful if a personalized appeal is made.
10. For situations in which volunteering is regarded by the target population as normative, conditions of public commitment to volunteer may be more successful. If nonvolunteering is regarded as normative, conditions of private commitment may be more successful.

Question 5

Whats a reputational spillover effect?

Answer 5

• no trust in psychological research anymore because of using deception to often

Question 6

What are cons about the use of deception?

Answer 6

• No trust anymore in psychological studies
  
  • Loss of self esteem- trust towards the experimenter
• finding out something disturbing about yourself during the experiment.

Question 7

Demand characteristics?

Answer 7

?

Question 8

what are sampling techniques

Answer 8

multistage sampling 
cluster sampling 
stratified sampling 
proportionate sampling 
economic sample 
systematic sampling 
random sampling 
simple random sampling