how To Describe Each Device Flashcards
Order of precedence
Reinforces societal view on the male version of words being seen as more important . A sign of status> positioning men before women even in words. If words were to be switched it would physically look and sound irregular > making a statement> drawing attention to the woman coming first
Assonance
Almost rhyming> engages the reader- humorous to help lighten the tone of the article.
Metaphor
Creative imagery, abstract> mimic complexity of the topic, save face/ negate offence, engagement through stimulating imagination, encourages deeper thought, often relies on shared pragmatic assumptions, creates a rapport by relying on epistemic context
Repetition
Reinforces meaning, sets pace, could mimic regularity, shows importance of something, encourages engagement through reinforcement> operant conditioning, could display emotion through passion/ mimic thought patterns/ stress from recurring thoughts
Rhetorical questions
engages reader> build rapport, question readers own opinions> likely to then side with the writer> interactive. Show introspective questioning. Mimics normal speech, use of interrogatives demonstrates maxims of conversation, helps to show different viewpoint> links to purpose or text; to persuade
Violent imagery
Builds emotion/ emotive language > allowing a reader to connect / resonate. Displays a sense of passion / anger for a specific topic> engages a reader as it’s eye catching and powerful language being used. Straight forward / obvious > reader knows exactly what the text producer values are
Semantic field
Imagery surrounding a specific topic or idea> engages the reader as it’s imagery is brought up multiple times throughout a text. Reinforces specific values> shows a strong importance or a topic. Helps build connections throughout a text> again highlighting importance
Direct address / second person pronoun
Immediately builds a connection with reader> engaging for them, as if talking to them personally> rapport > acts to persuade repetition of ‘you’ can reinforce imperatives- forceful and convincing. ‘Your’ possessive pronoun> creates a sense of belonging, personalised the article, helps reader empathise and relate, creates a sense of collective
Possessive first person pronouns
Avoids vagueness and allows the point to be carried out clearly and truthfully. Adds concreteness and clarity to arguments- gives an authoritative voice to writer. Without the use of first person pronouns, it can seem impersonal> with it holds a sense of credibility and personality- engages the reader
Declaratives, exclamatives, interrogatives , imperative
Difference sentence types help engage reader, allows them to question + think for themselves. Declarative = statement, finality, factual, credible, reliable.
Exclamative= shows emotion, shows passion, can support humour, less formal
Interrogative= question, engagement, questions view points- persuades and humour if theoretic.
Imperative - persuades / influence, power discourse, command .
Premodifying adjectives
Help add details, form a semantic field or discourse
Abstract noun
Can mirror topic, dependent upon perception , can be relatable when feelings
Personification / objectification
De/humanising things, postions reader to view things differently, creates empathy or apathy
Cyclical structure
Creates sense of a complete view point, creates finality, makes reader feel like the writer has provided a full view point
Motif / reoccurring imagery
Exaggerates / reinforce point, engage reader, help empathise / used in humour
Shifts
Help draw attention to different topics, shifts in tone draw attention to specific topics, shifts in structure help mimic topics, guide readers attention to specific things
Swearing
Expresses passion and frustration to a specific topic
Coinage
The invention of new phrases / words adds credibility and is usually followed by an honorific. Also helps to back up point of an article.
Intensifiers
To show passion / expression/ enthusiasm / anger . Hyperbolic nature helps to engage reader by making it more exaggerated
Sibilance
Repeated s sound making it sound more phonologically pleasing, engages reader because it’s eye catching and memorable- bigger impact
Plosives
Hard sounds suggesting anger and frustration, engages reader
Diminutives
Shared knowledge or a nickname or slang words that a certain community will understand
Assumed by producer that the audience will understand
Creates a sense of community and inclusion
Humorous and lighten tone
Shared discourse assumptions
Creates a sense of community, allows the reader to feel in the know. Writer assumes reader shares similar values, so talking about an issue with that in mind makes it more palatable for reader to understand and enjoy
Dialogue
Builds a sense of credibility for the writer helps reader to trust and form a connection
Quotations are more credible as it shows it comes directly from the source
Instead of manipulated into agreeing with whatever the text producer wants
Complex sentences
Replicates complexity of topic at hand, can mimic thought process (stress,convey emotion and chaos’s) can help build tension, slows down/ maintains pace, helps to fit informative text purpose. Conjunctions add details and help writer seem more informative and helpful and trustworthy
Simple sentence
Short and snappy
To the point making it easier for reader to understand
Usually send in a headline, grabs people’s attention, forced them to pay attention and read more. Or at end of an article, usually a declarative, makes a bold statement, call for action
Collective pronouns
Makes the reader feel part of something, engaging as if talking directly to a group of people. Helps to persuade the reader on the point the text producer wants to express. People want to feel included, by using we and us ut comforts a reader as it shows them as part of a group who shares similar values
Alliteration
Phonologically pleasing
Creates positive recognition
Reinforces imagery or provides contrast / juxtaposition to bad imagery
Similie
Imagery helps position audience to understand and empathise
Exaggerate and enforce meaning, humour
Media res
Engaging, sets quick pace, provides context
Idiom
Indicates a shared knowledge between the text producer and reader
The way other people are mentioned - given title / accolades mentioned / full name or Nick name
By introducing a linguist / theorist with their honorific’s it shows respect and gives them recognition
Makes text producer more credible as they are sourcing info from professionals and specialists within that specific field. Sigh of respect and comradely ot to poke fun as it shows a. Power imbalance and use of humour to dre grade or define someone’s power or status
Discourse markers
Guide reader, helps présent argument and create flow and cohesion
Ellipses
Creates tension and suspense
Keeping the reader engaged
Discourse field
Where various areas on a specific topic are written cohesively - easier for reader to understand and similar topics are brought up. Helps add cyclical structure to an article and creates patterns for the reader to follow, more engaging
Humour / irony
Engages the audience
Helps to address uncomfortable or confrontational subjects
Releases tension for the reader adds a sense of cohesion to an article
Tone
Helps the reader gage what type of article it is, numerous and serious
Helps enforce meaning of artcile
Contrasting tone to topic can help mitigate seriousness , help serve wider purpose and minimise it
Aids credibility and helps position readers
Informalities build rapport
Trust and like ability towards writer
